{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1996336919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sc.2014.8","title":"Real-Time Scalable Cortical Computing at 46 Giga-Synaptic OPS/Watt with ~100× Speedup in Time-to-Solution and ~100,000× Reduction in Energy-to-Solution","display_name":"Real-Time Scalable Cortical Computing at 46 Giga-Synaptic OPS/Watt with ~100× Speedup in Time-to-Solution and ~100,000× Reduction in Energy-to-Solution","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1996336919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sc.2014.8","mag":"1996336919"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sc.2014.8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sc.2014.8","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SC14: International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044024456","display_name":"Andrew S. Cassidy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7305-4198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew S. Cassidy","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Almaden","IBM Research \u2013Almaden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011472966","display_name":"Rodrigo Alvarez-Icaza","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodrigo Alvarez-Icaza","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Almaden","IBM Research \u2013Almaden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002319629","display_name":"Filipp Akopyan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5312-1311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filipp Akopyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Almaden","IBM Research \u2013Almaden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083548741","display_name":"Jun Sawada","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Sawada","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Almaden","IBM Research \u2013Almaden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087078947","display_name":"John V. Arthur","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John V. Arthur","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Almaden","IBM Research \u2013Almaden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022619911","display_name":"Paul Merolla","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul A. Merolla","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Almaden","IBM Research \u2013Almaden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064191197","display_name":"Pallab Datta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0515-9729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pallab Datta","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Almaden","IBM Research \u2013Almaden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036427962","display_name":"Marc Gonz\u00e1lez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3780-1106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Gonzalez Tallada","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Almaden","IBM Research \u2013Almaden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041605470","display_name":"Brian Taba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7831-1139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Taba","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Almaden","IBM Research \u2013Almaden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103360230","display_name":"Alexander Andreopoulos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Andreopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Almaden","IBM Research \u2013Almaden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101757788","display_name":"Arnon Amir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6814-165X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arnon Amir","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Almaden","IBM Research \u2013Almaden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055044754","display_name":"Steven K. Esser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4089-0577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven K. Esser","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Almaden","IBM Research \u2013Almaden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082674120","display_name":"Jeff Kusnitz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeff Kusnitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Almaden","IBM Research \u2013Almaden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113665253","display_name":"Rathinakumar Appuswamy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rathinakumar Appuswamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Almaden","IBM Research \u2013Almaden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083781760","display_name":"C. Haymes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5056-3528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuck Haymes","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","IBM T.J. Watson research Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088128950","display_name":"Bernard Brezzo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernard Brezzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","IBM T.J. Watson research Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021907188","display_name":"Roger Moussalli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger Moussalli","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","IBM T.J. Watson research Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066666189","display_name":"R. Bellofatto","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralph Bellofatto","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","IBM T.J. Watson research Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087561550","display_name":"Christian Baks","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Baks","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","IBM T.J. Watson research Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083399992","display_name":"Michael Mastro","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Mastro","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","IBM T.J. Watson research Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113582614","display_name":"Kai Schleupen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Schleupen","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","IBM T.J. Watson research Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007341597","display_name":"Charles E. Cox","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles E. Cox","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","IBM T.J. Watson research Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103055566","display_name":"Ken Inoue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4286-7561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ken Inoue","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","IBM T.J. Watson research Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034783875","display_name":"Steve Millman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steve Millman","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","IBM T.J. Watson research Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085348239","display_name":"Nabil Imam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2143-2286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nabil Imam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086679237","display_name":"Emmett McQuinn","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmett Mcquinn","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Almaden","IBM Research \u2013Almaden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063752378","display_name":"Yutaka Nakamura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6921-1266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145865","display_name":"IBM Research - Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/04915qk43","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yutaka Y. Nakamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research-Tokyo"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research-Tokyo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145865"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110274755","display_name":"Ivan Vo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156936","display_name":"IBM Research - Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/05gjbbg60","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210156936"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Vo","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Austin","IBM Research - Austin"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Austin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156936"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Austin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156936"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079889224","display_name":"Chen Guok","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Guok","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Engineering and Technology Services, San Jose Design Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Engineering and Technology Services, San Jose Design Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064992621","display_name":"Don N. Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Don Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Posthumous","Posthumous#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Posthumous","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Posthumous#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112236187","display_name":"Scott Lekuch","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Lekuch","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","IBM T.J. Watson research Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026022602","display_name":"Sameh Asaad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-9892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sameh Asaad","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","IBM T.J. Watson research Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004166346","display_name":"Daniel J. Friedman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3967-8746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Friedman","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","IBM T.J. Watson research Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086859923","display_name":"Bryan L. Jackson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bryan L. Jackson","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Almaden","IBM Research \u2013Almaden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005956938","display_name":"Myron Flickner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Myron D. Flickner","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Almaden","IBM Research \u2013Almaden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042044567","display_name":"W. P. Risk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3211-0738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William P. Risk","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Almaden","IBM Research \u2013Almaden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research \u2013Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002575415","display_name":"Rajit Manohar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8211-6602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajit Manohar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063718511","display_name":"Dharmendra S. Modha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6714-8127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dharmendra S. Modha","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Almaden","IBM, ,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Almaden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM, ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":38,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044024456"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6987,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":73,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97215219,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"27","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.906738817691803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7435114979743958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7144399285316467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.6174630522727966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5938029885292053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/von-neumann-architecture","display_name":"Von Neumann architecture","score":0.5598503351211548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5514041185379028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.18067729473114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10715126991271973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0829908549785614}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.906738817691803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7435114979743958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7144399285316467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6174630522727966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5938029885292053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80469333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189088","display_name":"Von Neumann architecture","level":2,"score":0.5598503351211548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5514041185379028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.18067729473114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10715126991271973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0829908549785614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sc.2014.8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sc.2014.8","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SC14: International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W51706602","https://openalex.org/W157076317","https://openalex.org/W1510543252","https://openalex.org/W1517271540","https://openalex.org/W1572063013","https://openalex.org/W1578671836","https://openalex.org/W1598769351","https://openalex.org/W1673584506","https://openalex.org/W1964480817","https://openalex.org/W1974079498","https://openalex.org/W1987202085","https://openalex.org/W1987232071","https://openalex.org/W1988888548","https://openalex.org/W1993792073","https://openalex.org/W1996080494","https://openalex.org/W2002735620","https://openalex.org/W2007648666","https://openalex.org/W2009403011","https://openalex.org/W2015067420","https://openalex.org/W2022038016","https://openalex.org/W2029403235","https://openalex.org/W2034297532","https://openalex.org/W2035720033","https://openalex.org/W2041992627","https://openalex.org/W2042876290","https://openalex.org/W2043679829","https://openalex.org/W2046278968","https://openalex.org/W2051385641","https://openalex.org/W2054607054","https://openalex.org/W2058443342","https://openalex.org/W2060956313","https://openalex.org/W2061388644","https://openalex.org/W2064384291","https://openalex.org/W2065261386","https://openalex.org/W2067381981","https://openalex.org/W2072357061","https://openalex.org/W2079437483","https://openalex.org/W2081986990","https://openalex.org/W2087058693","https://openalex.org/W2087861759","https://openalex.org/W2089809945","https://openalex.org/W2095725009","https://openalex.org/W2106430530","https://openalex.org/W2117897850","https://openalex.org/W2130360162","https://openalex.org/W2134839001","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2147576365","https://openalex.org/W2151297862","https://openalex.org/W2153287508","https://openalex.org/W2154323564","https://openalex.org/W2155377787","https://openalex.org/W2156597786","https://openalex.org/W2156640153","https://openalex.org/W2158365276","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2250057853","https://openalex.org/W2253776861","https://openalex.org/W2260133378","https://openalex.org/W2338037132","https://openalex.org/W2915294510","https://openalex.org/W2949165561","https://openalex.org/W3159585669","https://openalex.org/W4245744705","https://openalex.org/W4246367117","https://openalex.org/W4256257554","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6602117595","https://openalex.org/W6606275687","https://openalex.org/W6631086313","https://openalex.org/W6635893546","https://openalex.org/W6650979506"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2317245370","https://openalex.org/W2499279132","https://openalex.org/W198851386","https://openalex.org/W1980160788","https://openalex.org/W2030310580","https://openalex.org/W947442053","https://openalex.org/W2148915962","https://openalex.org/W4313433561","https://openalex.org/W2283866686","https://openalex.org/W4287182096"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Drawing":[0],"on":[1,24],"neuroscience,":[2],"we":[3,36],"have":[4],"developed":[5],"a":[6,40,88,127,150],"parallel,":[7],"event-driven":[8],"kernel":[9,148],"for":[10,129],"neurosynaptic":[11,99],"computation,":[12,19],"that":[13,101],"is":[14,87],"efficient":[15],"with":[16,80,142],"respect":[17],"to":[18],"memory,":[20],"and":[21,58,72,94,109,139],"communication.":[22],"Building":[23],"the":[25,33,45,81,143,147],"previously":[26],"demonstrated":[27],"highly":[28],"optimized":[29],"software":[30],"expression":[31,43],"of":[32,44,52,61,104,112,120,146,153],"kernel,":[34],"here,":[35],"demonstrate":[37,117],"True":[38,47,85,121,132],"North,":[39],"co-designed":[41],"silicon":[42],"kernel.":[46],"North":[48,86,122],"achieves":[49],"five":[50],"orders":[51,60],"magnitude":[53,62],"reduction":[54],"in":[55,64],"energy":[56],"to-solution":[57],"two":[59],"speedup":[63],"time-to":[65],"solution,":[66],"when":[67],"running":[68,106],"computer":[69],"vision":[70],"applications":[71],"complex":[73],"recurrent":[74],"neural":[75],"network":[76],"simulations.":[77],"Breaking":[78],"path":[79],"von":[82],"Neumann":[83],"architecture,":[84],"4,096":[89],"core,":[90],"1":[91],"million":[92,96],"neuron,":[93],"256":[95],"synapse":[97],"brain-inspired":[98],"processor,":[100],"consumes":[102],"65mW":[103],"power":[105],"at":[107],"real-time":[108],"delivers":[110],"performance":[111,140],"46":[113],"Giga-Synaptic":[114],"OPS/Watt.":[115],"We":[116],"seamless":[118],"tiling":[119],"chips":[123],"into":[124],"arrays,":[125],"forming":[126],"foundation":[128],"cortex-like":[130],"scalability.":[131],"North's":[133],"unprecedented":[134],"time-to-solution,":[135],"energy-to-solution,":[136],"size,":[137],"scalability,":[138],"combined":[141],"underlying":[144],"flexibility":[145],"enable":[149],"broad":[151],"range":[152],"cognitive":[154],"applications.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}