{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388966982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sbesc60926.2023.10324053","title":"A Comparative Analysis of HDL and HLS for Accelerating Machine Learning based Strain Estimation with Ultrasonic Guided Waves","display_name":"A Comparative Analysis of HDL and HLS for Accelerating Machine Learning based Strain Estimation with Ultrasonic Guided Waves","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388966982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sbesc60926.2023.10324053"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sbesc60926.2023.10324053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sbesc60926.2023.10324053","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 XIII Brazilian Symposium on Computing Systems Engineering (SBESC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111079668","display_name":"Davi A. Mendes","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Davi A. Mendes","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Brasília - UnB,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Brasília,Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Brasília - UnB,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Brasília,Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093330617","display_name":"Gabriel Reves","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Reves","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Brasília - UnB,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Brasília,Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Brasília - UnB,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Brasília,Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009981183","display_name":"M. A. Pastrana","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. A. Pastrana","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Brasília - UnB,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Brasília,Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Brasília - UnB,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Brasília,Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003236530","display_name":"Pedro Henrique Domingues","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4838-8396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2699952","display_name":"Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/01dg47b60","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro H. Domingues","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Rio de Janeiro,Brazil","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Rio de Janeiro,Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032061545","display_name":"Helon Vicente Hultmann Ayala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5406-3902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2699952","display_name":"Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/01dg47b60","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helon V. H. Ayala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Rio de Janeiro,Brazil","Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Rio de Janeiro,Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039024914","display_name":"Alan C. Kubrusly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8633-4903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2699952","display_name":"Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro","ror":"https://ror.org/01dg47b60","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan C. Kubrusly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro,Center for Telecommunications Studies,Rio de Janeiro,Brazil","Center for Telecommunications Studies, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro,Center for Telecommunications Studies,Rio de Janeiro,Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Telecommunications Studies, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2699952"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050811383","display_name":"Daniel M. Mu\u00f1oz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9219-6463"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel M. Mu\u00f1oz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Brasília - UnB,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Brasília,Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Brasília - UnB,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Brasília,Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042189424","display_name":"Carlos H. Llanos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0115-4461"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos H. Llanos","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Brasília - UnB,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Brasília,Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Brasília - UnB,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Brasília,Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111079668"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.865,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68305797,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7662693858146667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7060786485671997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-level-synthesis","display_name":"High-level synthesis","score":0.6023622155189514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5412087440490723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5374729037284851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4912182688713074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floating-point","display_name":"Floating point","score":0.48962193727493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.46368589997291565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-latency","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","score":0.45827388763427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasonic-sensor","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","score":0.43478280305862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.4306032657623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.41588544845581055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.36742275953292847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3561938405036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.34508246183395386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2123056948184967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7662693858146667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7060786485671997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58013763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5754574","display_name":"High-level synthesis","level":3,"score":0.6023622155189514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5412087440490723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5374729037284851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4912182688713074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84211073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117879","display_name":"Floating point","level":2,"score":0.48962193727493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.46368589997291565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.45827388763427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81288441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20736125","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","level":2,"score":0.43478280305862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.4306032657623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.41588544845581055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.36742275953292847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3561938405036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.34508246183395386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2123056948184967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sbesc60926.2023.10324053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sbesc60926.2023.10324053","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 XIII Brazilian Symposium on Computing Systems Engineering (SBESC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W353562331","https://openalex.org/W1998268277","https://openalex.org/W2007536865","https://openalex.org/W2067565177","https://openalex.org/W2076831130","https://openalex.org/W2111681923","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2304229193","https://openalex.org/W2315544039","https://openalex.org/W2529532773","https://openalex.org/W2548753132","https://openalex.org/W2769738360","https://openalex.org/W2801170527","https://openalex.org/W2887016855","https://openalex.org/W2909573704","https://openalex.org/W2964752760","https://openalex.org/W2982357952","https://openalex.org/W2990680419","https://openalex.org/W3108085245","https://openalex.org/W3123341566","https://openalex.org/W3152688676","https://openalex.org/W3162028453","https://openalex.org/W3205364647","https://openalex.org/W4210968171","https://openalex.org/W4307927718","https://openalex.org/W4366978153","https://openalex.org/W6729240526","https://openalex.org/W6793350858","https://openalex.org/W6802396141"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3022794856","https://openalex.org/W2949543509","https://openalex.org/W2085387076","https://openalex.org/W4313484792","https://openalex.org/W2176001122","https://openalex.org/W4389009797","https://openalex.org/W3204271235","https://openalex.org/W3185228140","https://openalex.org/W2121053958","https://openalex.org/W4282568311"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,47,104,121,127],"field":[2],"of":[3,49,62,65,84,106,126],"nondestructive":[4],"testing":[5],"and":[6,18,34,75,90,103,141,149],"structural":[7],"health":[8],"monitoring,":[9],"ultrasonic":[10],"waves":[11],"are":[12,131],"widely":[13],"utilized":[14],"to":[15,114],"identify":[16],"defects":[17],"characterize":[19],"materials.":[20],"Recently,":[21],"data-driven":[22],"machine":[23],"learning":[24],"models":[25],"have":[26],"been":[27,44],"proposed":[28,109,128],"for":[29],"strain":[30,51],"estimation":[31,52],"using":[32,71],"shallow-models":[33],"Principal":[35],"Component":[36],"Analysis":[37],"(PCA).":[38],"However,":[39],"little":[40],"research":[41],"effort":[42],"has":[43],"guided":[45],"towards":[46],"development":[48],"real-time":[50,135],"hardware":[53,63,87,129,143],"accelerators.":[54],"This":[55],"study":[56],"presents":[57],"a":[58,68,96],"novel":[59],"comparative":[60],"analysis":[61,98],"implementations":[64],"PCA":[66],"on":[67],"low-cost":[69],"SoC-FPGA":[70],"High-level":[72],"Synthesis":[73],"(HLS)":[74],"HDL-based":[76,110],"architectures.":[77],"The":[78,108,124],"comparison":[79,119],"was":[80,112],"conducted":[81],"in":[82,118],"terms":[83],"relevant":[85],"metrics:":[86],"occupation,":[88],"latency,":[89],"computational":[91,151],"efficiency.":[92,152],"Additionally,":[93],"we":[94],"demonstrate":[95],"scalability":[97],"considering":[99],"floating-point":[100],"bit-width":[101],"representation":[102],"number":[105],"operators.":[107],"architecture":[111],"able":[113],"achieve":[115],"similar":[116],"performance":[117],"with":[120,146],"HLS-based":[122],"implementation.":[123],"advantages":[125],"accelerators":[130],"shown":[132],"by":[133],"their":[134],"inference":[136],"capabilities,":[137],"low":[138,147],"power":[139],"consumption,":[140],"reduced":[142],"utilization":[144],"associated":[145],"latency":[148],"elevated":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}