{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200497359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sbac-pad53543.2021.00029","title":"Efficient Online 4D Magnetic Resonance Imaging","display_name":"Efficient Online 4D Magnetic Resonance Imaging","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200497359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sbac-pad53543.2021.00029"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sbac-pad53543.2021.00029","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sbac-pad53543.2021.00029","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 33rd International Symposium on Computer Architecture and High Performance Computing (SBAC-PAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058151853","display_name":"Marco Barbone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3495-7997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marco Barbone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016113314","display_name":"Andreas Wetscherek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4799-2193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325846038","display_name":"Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/0008wzh48","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325846038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142947616","display_name":"Institute of Cancer Research","ror":"https://ror.org/043jzw605","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I142947616"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Wetscherek","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325846038","https://openalex.org/I142947616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090264152","display_name":"Thomas Yung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Yung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076107114","display_name":"Uwe Oelfke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2309-0814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142947616","display_name":"Institute of Cancer Research","ror":"https://ror.org/043jzw605","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I142947616"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325846038","display_name":"Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/0008wzh48","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325846038"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uwe Oelfke","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325846038","https://openalex.org/I142947616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057940557","display_name":"Wayne Luk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6750-927X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wayne Luk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075050234","display_name":"Georgi Gaydadjiev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3678-7007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgi Gaydadjiev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bernoulli Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands","Imperial College London, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bernoulli Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058151853"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2749,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58829692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":null,"first_page":"177","last_page":"187"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8233715295791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cuda","display_name":"CUDA","score":0.6479644179344177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simd","display_name":"SIMD","score":0.626510739326477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.6155720353126526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5707778930664062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-core-processor","display_name":"Multi-core processor","score":0.5342509150505066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.4395643174648285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-core","display_name":"Single-core","score":0.43598854541778564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.38219887018203735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16930270195007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11576947569847107}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8233715295791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778119891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477690","display_name":"CUDA","level":2,"score":0.6479644179344177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150552126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339387","display_name":"SIMD","level":2,"score":0.626510739326477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.6155720353126526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5707778930664062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78766204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555032","display_name":"Multi-core processor","level":2,"score":0.5342509150505066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.4395643174648285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780365336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25047934","display_name":"Single-core","level":2,"score":0.43598854541778564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.38219887018203735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16930270195007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11576947569847107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sbac-pad53543.2021.00029","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sbac-pad53543.2021.00029","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 33rd International Symposium on Computer Architecture and High Performance Computing (SBAC-PAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/94640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/94640","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 33rd International Symposium on Computer Architecture and High Performance Computing (SBAC-PAD)","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7109397469","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"C33589/A19727","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338030","funder_display_name":"Institute of Cancer Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7412225023","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"A26234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320283","funder_display_name":"Imperial College London"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320283","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338030","display_name":"Institute of Cancer Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00dpztj76"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482297123","https://openalex.org/W1486682777","https://openalex.org/W1595260438","https://openalex.org/W1854734540","https://openalex.org/W1859655790","https://openalex.org/W1971571088","https://openalex.org/W1975237352","https://openalex.org/W1981220134","https://openalex.org/W1981943579","https://openalex.org/W2010122118","https://openalex.org/W2016559894","https://openalex.org/W2034861439","https://openalex.org/W2037517514","https://openalex.org/W2040357326","https://openalex.org/W2047544187","https://openalex.org/W2096070062","https://openalex.org/W2099944953","https://openalex.org/W2110893320","https://openalex.org/W2125048685","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2134051605","https://openalex.org/W2146481498","https://openalex.org/W2167221711","https://openalex.org/W2167227980","https://openalex.org/W2301025128","https://openalex.org/W2466944239","https://openalex.org/W2516172998","https://openalex.org/W2561482134","https://openalex.org/W2768510334","https://openalex.org/W2790485410","https://openalex.org/W2897348278","https://openalex.org/W2946037574","https://openalex.org/W2947234181","https://openalex.org/W2967324946","https://openalex.org/W2973391561","https://openalex.org/W2997464342","https://openalex.org/W3005997294","https://openalex.org/W3007399390","https://openalex.org/W3176102465","https://openalex.org/W4235806146","https://openalex.org/W4245923077","https://openalex.org/W4254260720","https://openalex.org/W6763151016"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973046741","https://openalex.org/W2983282793","https://openalex.org/W2099629705","https://openalex.org/W3012895752","https://openalex.org/W2142016460","https://openalex.org/W2151223307","https://openalex.org/W3041000698","https://openalex.org/W1992352827","https://openalex.org/W2406856881","https://openalex.org/W2795884334"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Magnetic":[0],"Resonance":[1],"(MR)-guided":[2],"online":[3],"Adaptive":[4],"RadioTherapy":[5],"(MRgoART)":[6],"utilises":[7,119],"the":[8,18,49,55,86,103,109,127,138,161,164,204,223],"excellent":[9],"soft-tissue":[10],"contrast":[11],"of":[12,107,153,163,206,225],"MR":[13,31],"images":[14],"taken":[15],"just":[16,147,217],"before":[17],"patient's":[19],"treatment":[20,27],"to":[21,47,52,78,146],"quickly":[22],"update":[23],"and":[24,72,91,96,118,125,216],"personalise":[25],"radiotherapy":[26],"plans.":[28],"Four-dimensional":[29],"(4D)":[30],"Imaging":[32],"(MRI)":[33],"can":[34,44],"resolve":[35],"variations":[36],"in":[37],"respiratory":[38],"motion":[39],"patterns.":[40],"4D":[41,65],"MRI":[42,66],"data":[43],"be":[45],"used":[46],"adapt":[48],"radiation":[50],"beams":[51],"maximally":[53],"target":[54],"tumour":[56],"while":[57,123],"sparing":[58],"as":[59,63],"much":[60],"healthy":[61],"tissue":[62],"possible.":[64],"reconstruction,":[67],"however,":[68],"is":[69],"computationally":[70],"challenging":[71],"current":[73],"state-of-the-art":[74],"implementations":[75],"are":[76,133,184],"unable":[77],"meet":[79],"MRgoART":[80,110],"time":[81,111,140],"requirements.":[82,112],"This":[83],"study":[84],"bridges":[85],"gap":[87],"between":[88],"high-performance":[89],"computing":[90],"medical":[92],"applications":[93],"by":[94],"developing":[95],"implementing":[97],"a":[98,136,151],"parallel,":[99],"heterogeneous":[100],"architecture":[101,114],"for":[102],"XD-GRASP":[104],"algorithm":[105],"capable":[106],"meeting":[108],"Our":[113,169],"exploits":[115],"long-vector":[116],"instructions":[117],"all":[120],"available":[121],"resources,":[122],"minimising":[124],"hiding":[126],"communication":[128],"overhead":[129],"when":[130],"external":[131],"GPUs":[132],"used.":[134],"As":[135],"result,":[137],"reconstruction":[139],"was":[141],"reduced":[142],"from":[143],"994":[144],"seconds":[145,149],"90":[148],"with":[150,180,195,212,232],"speedup":[152],"more":[154],"than":[155,187],"11x.":[156],"In":[157],"addition,":[158],"we":[159],"evaluated":[160],"impact":[162],"emerging":[165],"Processing-in-Memory":[166],"(PIM)":[167],"technology.":[168],"simulation":[170],"results":[171],"show":[172],"that":[173],"16":[174],"low":[175],"power,":[176],"in-order":[177],"PIM":[178,201,219],"cores":[179,202,214,220],"no":[181],"SIMD":[182,197],"unit":[183],"2.7x":[185],"faster":[186],"an":[188,226],"Intel":[189],"Core\u2122":[190],"i7-9700":[191],"8-core":[192],"CPU":[193],"equipped":[194,231],"AVX512":[196],"units.":[198],"Additionally,":[199],"40":[200],"match":[203,222],"performance":[205,224],"two":[207],"AMD":[208],"EPYC":[209],"7551":[210],"CPUs,":[211],"32":[213],"each":[215],"87":[218],"will":[221],"NVIDIA":[227],"Tesla":[228],"V100":[229],"GPU":[230],"5,120":[233],"CUDA":[234],"cores.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}