{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413145791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sas65169.2025.11105203","title":"A Cost-effective Occupancy Estimation System for Energy-efficient Buildings in Africa","display_name":"A Cost-effective Occupancy Estimation System for Energy-efficient Buildings in Africa","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413145791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sas65169.2025.11105203"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sas65169.2025.11105203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sas65169.2025.11105203","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119281980","display_name":"Godwin Adordie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117796","display_name":"Ashesi University","ror":"https://ror.org/028kehd60","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117796"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Godwin Adordie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ashesi University,Dept. of Engineering,Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ashesi University,Dept. of Engineering,Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117796"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119281981","display_name":"Denis Kyalo Muuo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117796","display_name":"Ashesi University","ror":"https://ror.org/028kehd60","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117796"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denis Kyalo Muuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ashesi University,Dept. of Engineering,Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ashesi University,Dept. of Engineering,Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117796"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004112669","display_name":"Philipp Schilk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0487-9513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Schilk","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zürich,Dept. of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering,Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zürich,Dept. of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering,Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079181672","display_name":"Lukas Schulthess","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-2927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukas Schulthess","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zürich,Dept. of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering,Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zürich,Dept. of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering,Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103991305","display_name":"Nathan Amanquah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7538-0341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117796","display_name":"Ashesi University","ror":"https://ror.org/028kehd60","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117796"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Amanquah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ashesi University,Dept. of Engineering,Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ashesi University,Dept. of Engineering,Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117796"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066423975","display_name":"Michele Magno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0368-8923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Magno","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zürich,Dept. of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering,Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zürich,Dept. of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering,Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25717996,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.8353999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.8353999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.7563999891281128,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupancy","display_name":"Occupancy","score":0.9162166118621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5996820330619812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4930841624736786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4575660526752472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4292111396789551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architectural-engineering","display_name":"Architectural engineering","score":0.25954437255859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1673307716846466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.150760680437088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.11707252264022827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09969425201416016}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160331591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075743","display_name":"Occupancy","level":2,"score":0.9162166118621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5996820330619812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4930841624736786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4575660526752472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4292111396789551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.25954437255859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1673307716846466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.150760680437088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11707252264022827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09969425201416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sas65169.2025.11105203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sas65169.2025.11105203","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4282043467","https://openalex.org/W2105697914","https://openalex.org/W2202433167","https://openalex.org/W3093197249","https://openalex.org/W1540010871","https://openalex.org/W3023979140","https://openalex.org/W3177545769"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intelligent":[0],"energy":[1,29,57,73],"management":[2,30,65],"in":[3,31,69,183,221],"buildings":[4,32],"is":[5,66,112],"essential":[6],"to":[7,28,55,121,131,161,188,206,215,236,251],"optimize":[8,56],"the":[9,61,106,123,127,133,137,197],"use":[10,58],"of":[11,48,105,109,126,147,154,159,181],"Heating,":[12],"Ventilation,":[13],"and":[14,23,52,75,99,115,156,168,173,208,262],"Air":[15],"Conditioning":[16],"(HVAC)":[17],"systems,":[18,241],"reducing":[19],"their":[20],"power":[21,50],"consumption":[22],"operational":[24],"costs.":[25],"Traditional":[26],"approaches":[27],"rely":[33],"on":[34,96],"fixed":[35],"schedules,":[36],"static":[37],"thresholds,":[38],"or":[39,77],"simple":[40],"sensor-based":[41],"control,":[42],"which":[43],"are":[44],"often":[45],"not":[46],"aware":[47],"momentary":[49],"needs":[51],"thus":[53],"fail":[54],"effectively.":[59],"On":[60],"other":[62],"hand,":[63],"efficient":[64,224],"crucial,":[67],"especially":[68],"Africa,":[70],"where":[71],"high":[72],"costs":[74],"unreliable":[76],"limited":[78],"electricity":[79],"supply":[80],"necessitate":[81],"cost-effective":[82],"energy-saving":[83],"solutions.This":[84],"paper":[85,111],"presents":[86],"a":[87,113,140,178,193,259],"robust,":[88],"cost-effective,":[89],"easy-to-install":[90],"intelligent":[91],"occupancy":[92,184,264],"detection":[93,179,265],"system":[94],"based":[95],"widely":[97],"adopted":[98],"cost-efficient":[100,263],"HC-SR04":[101],"ultrasonic":[102,245],"sensors.":[103],"One":[104],"main":[107],"contributions":[108],"this":[110],"quantized":[114],"lightweight":[116],"machine":[117,249],"learning":[118,250],"algorithm":[119,171],"designed":[120],"match":[122],"stringent":[124],"requirements":[125],"ARM":[128],"Cortex-M4":[129],"cores":[130],"process":[132],"data":[134],"locally,":[135],"eliminating":[136],"need":[138],"for":[139,170,186],"centralized":[141],"control":[142],"center.":[143],"A":[144],"comprehensive":[145],"dataset":[146],"over":[148],"300":[149],"events":[150],"from":[151],"all":[152],"combinations":[153],"entering":[155],"exiting":[157],"groups":[158],"up":[160,187],"three":[162,189],"people":[163,190],"has":[164],"been":[165],"collected,":[166],"annotated,":[167],"utilized":[169],"training":[172],"evaluation.":[174],"Experimental":[175],"results":[176],"demonstrate":[177],"accuracy":[180],"92%":[182],"change":[185],"passing":[191],"through":[192],"doorway":[194],"simultaneously.":[195],"Quantizing":[196],"model":[198],"reduced":[199],"its":[200],"size":[201],"by":[202,211],"75%":[203],"(from":[204,213],"168KB":[205],"42KB)":[207],"RAM":[209],"usage":[210],"50%":[212],"32KB":[214],"15KB),":[216],"with":[217,248],"no":[218],"measurable":[219],"drop":[220],"performance,":[222],"enabling":[223],"deployment":[225],"across":[226],"resource-constrained":[227],"microcontrollers,":[228],"including":[229],"direct":[230],"in-sensor":[231],"processing":[232],"architectures.":[233],"In":[234],"contrast":[235],"computationally":[237],"intensive,":[238],"privacy-sensitive":[239],"vision-based":[240],"our":[242],"approach":[243],"exploits":[244],"sensing":[246],"combined":[247],"embed":[252],"AI":[253],"directly":[254],"onboard":[255],"resource-limited":[256],"sensors,":[257],"offering":[258],"lightweight,":[260],"privacy-preserving,":[261],"solution.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}