{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4297804462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sas54819.2022.9881242","title":"Classification of batteries in waste streams using magnetic induction spectroscopy","display_name":"Classification of batteries in waste streams using magnetic induction spectroscopy","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4297804462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sas54819.2022.9881242"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sas54819.2022.9881242","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sas54819.2022.9881242","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/acb967bb-9d3c-42dc-a608-b643d9cae73b","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031720014","display_name":"Kane C. Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7064-5395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kane C. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Manchester,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Manchester,United Kingdom","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Manchester,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Manchester,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024567377","display_name":"Michael O\u2019Toole","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6397-7431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael D. O'Toole","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Manchester,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Manchester,United Kingdom","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Manchester,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Manchester,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040205278","display_name":"Liam A. Marsh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4302-7487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liam A. Marsh","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Manchester,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Manchester,United Kingdom","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Manchester,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Manchester,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009569523","display_name":"Anthony Peyton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5740-348X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony J. Peyton","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Manchester,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Manchester,United Kingdom","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Manchester,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Manchester,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031720014"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.685,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63992439,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scrap","display_name":"Scrap","score":0.96529221534729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.7481995820999146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.5344886779785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.4815928637981415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.47434818744659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-engineering","display_name":"Process engineering","score":0.40526437759399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3707590103149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3691842555999756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-management","display_name":"Waste management","score":0.3544920086860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.27600035071372986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24104508757591248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.16886696219444275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.13306835293769836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192097918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917714","display_name":"Scrap","level":2,"score":0.96529221534729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.7481995820999146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.5344886779785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4815928637981415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.47434818744659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.40526437759399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3707590103149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3691842555999756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.3544920086860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.27600035071372986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24104508757591248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.16886696219444275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13306835293769836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sas54819.2022.9881242","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sas54819.2022.9881242","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/acb967bb-9d3c-42dc-a608-b643d9cae73b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/acb967bb-9d3c-42dc-a608-b643d9cae73b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Williams, K, O'Toole, M, Marsh, L & Peyton, A 2022, Classification of batteries in waste streams using magnetic induction spectroscopy. in 2022 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, SAS 2022 - Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS54819.2022.9881242","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/acb967bb-9d3c-42dc-a608-b643d9cae73b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/acb967bb-9d3c-42dc-a608-b643d9cae73b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Williams, K, O'Toole, M, Marsh, L & Peyton, A 2022, Classification of batteries in waste streams using magnetic induction spectroscopy. in 2022 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, SAS 2022 - Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS54819.2022.9881242","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2178287788","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/W021013/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G563277353","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2498545","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W406925390","https://openalex.org/W1974124603","https://openalex.org/W2020288690","https://openalex.org/W2041295836","https://openalex.org/W2055024024","https://openalex.org/W2084772539","https://openalex.org/W2097768762","https://openalex.org/W2620842975","https://openalex.org/W2776549958","https://openalex.org/W2803659526","https://openalex.org/W2944101848","https://openalex.org/W3014395609","https://openalex.org/W3085486830"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2520165268","https://openalex.org/W2370781105","https://openalex.org/W2162526451","https://openalex.org/W2512008118","https://openalex.org/W3022945664","https://openalex.org/W4386435900","https://openalex.org/W2357572353","https://openalex.org/W4240135517","https://openalex.org/W2377250750","https://openalex.org/W2107211308"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Magnetic":[0],"induction":[1,90],"is":[2,49,122,159,166,193,215,237],"widely":[3],"used":[4,41],"to":[5,24,51,57,104,110,133,136,185,219,227],"detect":[6,137],"and":[7,29,74,95,101,212,230],"classify":[8],"metal":[9,97,140],"objects":[10],"over":[11],"a":[12,88,106,118,169,233],"range":[13,109],"of":[14,21,31,39,65,72,117,164,200,210],"applications;":[15],"this":[16,22,86,127,195,223],"paper":[17],"considers":[18],"the":[19,27,37,43,70,78,93,178,190,198,220],"potential":[20],"technique":[23],"inspect":[25],"for":[26,59,130],"presence":[28],"characteristics":[30],"batteries":[32,40,53,66,94,138,152,179,214,241],"within":[33,139],"waste":[34,141,234],"streams.":[35],"As":[36],"number":[38],"across":[42],"world":[44],"increases,":[45],"an":[46,131],"efficient":[47,61],"method":[48],"needed":[50],"ensure":[52],"can":[54,242],"be":[55,111,134,154,181,228],"classified":[56],"allow":[58,105,129,225],"more":[60],"recycling.":[62],"The":[63,113,147,206],"detection":[64],"would":[67,196],"also":[68],"reduce":[69,197],"risk":[71,199],"fire":[73],"pollution":[75],"by":[76],"identifying":[77],"battery":[79],"before":[80],"they":[81,203],"are":[82,204],"crushed":[83],"or":[84,142],"shredded.In":[85],"study,":[87],"magnetic":[89],"sensor":[91],"measured":[92],"scrap":[96,125],"between":[98],"781":[99],"Hz":[100,103],"95282":[102],"significant":[107],"frequency":[108],"observed.":[112],"real":[114,191,207],"component":[115,192,208],"(in-phase)":[116],"battery\u2019s":[119],"electromagnetic":[120],"response":[121,148,209],"different":[123,216],"from":[124,232],"metal;":[126],"could":[128,153,180,224],"algorithm":[132],"trained":[135],"when":[143,189,202,217],"inside":[144],"non-metallic":[145],"objects.":[146],"observed":[149],"shows":[150],"that":[151],"grouped":[155,175],"into":[156,176],"size,":[157],"which":[158,168,236],"useful":[160],"if":[161],"no":[162],"line":[163],"sight":[165],"available,":[167],"traditional":[170],"camera":[171],"system":[172],"requires.":[173],"Once":[174],"size":[177],"further":[182],"separated":[183],"according":[184],"their":[186],"internal":[187],"contents":[188],"used;":[194],"cross-contamination":[201],"recycled.":[205],"lithium":[211,240],"NiMH":[213],"compared":[218],"other":[221],"batteries;":[222],"them":[226],"detected":[229],"removed":[231],"stream,":[235],"important":[238],"as":[239],"set":[243],"on":[244],"fire.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}