{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2598139937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/saner.2017.7884650","title":"Under-optimized smart contracts devour your money","display_name":"Under-optimized smart contracts devour your money","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2598139937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/saner.2017.7884650","mag":"2598139937"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/saner.2017.7884650","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/saner.2017.7884650","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE 24th International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443178","display_name":"Ting Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9165-8331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ting Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cybersecurity, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China","Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cybersecurity, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100634702","display_name":"Xiaoqi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6012-9178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoqi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100400376","display_name":"Xiapu Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9082-3208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiapu Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100780268","display_name":"Xiaosong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9886-1412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaosong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cybersecurity, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cybersecurity, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100443178"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506","https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":81.3152,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":382,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99927737,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"442","last_page":"446"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solidity","display_name":"Solidity","score":0.92228102684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.7263765335083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7013815641403198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/currency","display_name":"Currency","score":0.5922284126281738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5353890657424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.5102102756500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.4452979564666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.363071084022522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3482878804206848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.24381843209266663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1412159502506256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.13554051518440247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11719438433647156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778362873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24909565","display_name":"Solidity","level":2,"score":0.92228102684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.7263765335083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7013815641403198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141121606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8142","display_name":"Currency","level":2,"score":0.5922284126281738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5353890657424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5102102756500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.4452979564666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.363071084022522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3482878804206848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.24381843209266663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1412159502506256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.13554051518440247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11719438433647156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/saner.2017.7884650","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/saner.2017.7884650","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE 24th International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/71829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/71829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480909796","https://openalex.org/W1820726602","https://openalex.org/W2517744317","https://openalex.org/W2533941064","https://openalex.org/W2536137494","https://openalex.org/W2538848838","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W3031032747","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W6779236108","https://openalex.org/W6793285265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4379933579","https://openalex.org/W4381746828","https://openalex.org/W4386953084","https://openalex.org/W3114658934","https://openalex.org/W2996623661","https://openalex.org/W4287995944","https://openalex.org/W4312481262","https://openalex.org/W2900489213","https://openalex.org/W3043760424","https://openalex.org/W3112215678"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"contracts":[1,47,129,136],"are":[2],"full-fledged":[3],"programs":[4],"that":[5,44,77,131],"run":[6],"on":[7,70,120],"blockchains":[8],"(e.g.,":[9],"Ethereum,":[10,18],"one":[11],"of":[12,35],"the":[13,28,32,55,67,72],"most":[14],"popular":[15],"blockchains).":[16],"In":[17,62,85],"gas":[19,50],"(in":[20],"Ether,":[21],"a":[22,104],"cryptographic":[23],"currency":[24],"like":[25],"Bitcoin)":[26],"is":[27],"execution":[29],"fee":[30],"compensating":[31],"computing":[33],"resources":[34],"miners":[36],"for":[37,107],"running":[38],"smart":[39,46,114,128],"contracts.":[40],"However,":[41],"we":[42,65,87,99],"find":[43],"under-optimized":[45],"cost":[48],"more":[49],"than":[51],"necessary,":[52],"and":[53,75,92,101,134],"therefore":[54],"creators":[56],"or":[57],"users":[58],"will":[59],"be":[60],"overcharged.":[61],"this":[63],"work,":[64],"conduct":[66],"first":[68],"investigation":[69],"Solidity,":[71],"recommended":[73],"compiler,":[74],"reveal":[76],"it":[78],"fails":[79],"to":[80,95],"optimize":[81],"gas-costly":[82,90,110],"programming":[83],"patterns.":[84],"particular,":[86],"identify":[88],"7":[89],"patterns":[91,111,124],"group":[93],"them":[94],"2":[96],"categories.":[97],"Then,":[98],"propose":[100],"develop":[102],"GASPER,":[103],"new":[105],"tool":[106],"automatically":[108],"locating":[109],"by":[112],"analyzing":[113],"contracts'":[115],"bytecodes.":[116],"The":[117],"preliminary":[118],"results":[119],"discovering":[121],"3":[122,140],"representative":[123],"from":[125,138],"4,240":[126],"real":[127],"show":[130],"93.5%,":[132],"90.1%":[133],"80%":[135],"suffer":[137],"these":[139],"patterns,":[141],"respectively.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
