{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417132543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/saner-c66551.2025.00021","title":"Metamorphic Testing for Smart Contract Validation: A Case Study of Ethereum-Based Crowdfunding Contracts","display_name":"Metamorphic Testing for Smart Contract Validation: A Case Study of Ethereum-Based Crowdfunding Contracts","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417132543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/saner-c66551.2025.00021"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/saner-c66551.2025.00021","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/saner-c66551.2025.00021","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering - Companion (SANER-C)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115944585","display_name":"Irving Jared Villanueva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186335123","display_name":"East Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vx35703","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186335123"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Irving Jared Villanueva","raw_affiliation_strings":["East Carolina University,Computer Science Department,Greenville,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East Carolina University,Computer Science Department,Greenville,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186335123"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050103951","display_name":"Madhusudan Srinivasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2228-1934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186335123","display_name":"East Carolina University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vx35703","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186335123"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madhusudan Srinivasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["East Carolina University,Computer Science Department,Greenville,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East Carolina University,Computer Science Department,Greenville,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186335123"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005747707","display_name":"Faqeer Ur Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2902-1169"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121988","display_name":"Film Independent","ror":"https://ror.org/036cy3843","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121988"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faqeer Ur Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121988"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5115944585"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186335123"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53226916,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"97","last_page":"105"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.30140000581741333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.30140000581741333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.16380000114440918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.07090000063180923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.636900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.5903000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5184999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.46149998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4203999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.420199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immutability","display_name":"Immutability","score":0.36390000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.36079999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.636900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.5903000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5184999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5006999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4900999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.46149998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4203999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.420199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3928000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776126399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3942906","display_name":"Immutability","level":3,"score":0.36390000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.36079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76844732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4072285","display_name":"Conformance testing","level":3,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165825675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399743","display_name":"Model-based testing","level":4,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188598960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705805","display_name":"Test strategy","level":3,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777338717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762621","display_name":"Vendor","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/saner-c66551.2025.00021","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/saner-c66551.2025.00021","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering - Companion (SANER-C)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2041650849","https://openalex.org/W2782311202","https://openalex.org/W2901401834","https://openalex.org/W2903599835","https://openalex.org/W2903744551","https://openalex.org/W2967981497","https://openalex.org/W2975871742","https://openalex.org/W2999673069","https://openalex.org/W3133899187","https://openalex.org/W3195333052","https://openalex.org/W4285201111","https://openalex.org/W4286266904","https://openalex.org/W4288085830","https://openalex.org/W4293686385","https://openalex.org/W4312552273","https://openalex.org/W4385977849","https://openalex.org/W4396723409","https://openalex.org/W4403421055"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"smart":[1,44,54,86,117,137,167,211],"contracts":[2,28,45,55],"play":[3],"a":[4,131,191],"crucial":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,12,50],"automating":[8],"and":[9,19,127,140,207],"securing":[10],"agreements":[11],"diverse":[13],"domains":[14],"such":[15,123],"as":[16,124],"finance,":[17],"healthcare,":[18],"supply":[20],"chains.":[21],"Despite":[22],"their":[23,34],"critical":[24],"applications,":[25],"testing":[26,52,71,139,159],"these":[27,145],"often":[29],"receives":[30],"less":[31],"attention":[32],"than":[33],"development,":[35],"leaving":[36],"significant":[37],"risks":[38],"due":[39],"to":[40,84,95,112,161,203],"the":[41,51,57,61,76,101,149,156,166,181,186,199,205],"immutability":[42],"of":[43,53,133,151,165,180,194,201,209],"post-deployment.":[46],"A":[47],"key":[48],"challenge":[49],"is":[56],"oracle":[58,77],"problem,":[59],"where":[60],"exact":[62],"expected":[63],"outcomes":[64],"are":[65],"not":[66],"well":[67],"defined,":[68],"complicating":[69],"systematic":[70],"efforts.Metamorphic":[72],"Testing":[73],"(MT)":[74],"addresses":[75],"problem":[78],"by":[79],"using":[80],"Metamorphic":[81,175],"Relations":[82,176],"(MRs)":[83,177],"validate":[85],"contracts.":[87,212],"MRs":[88,134,189],"define":[89],"how":[90],"output":[91],"should":[92],"change":[93],"relative":[94],"specific":[96],"input":[97],"modifications,":[98],"determining":[99],"whether":[100],"tests":[102],"pass":[103],"or":[104],"fail.":[105],"In":[106],"this":[107,152],"work,":[108],"we":[109,154],"apply":[110],"MT":[111,202],"test":[113,142],"an":[114],"Ethereum-based":[115],"crowdfunding":[116],"contract,":[118],"focusing":[119],"on":[120],"core":[121],"functionalities":[122],"state":[125],"transitions":[126],"donation":[128],"tracking.We":[129],"identify":[130],"set":[132],"tailored":[135],"for":[136,144],"contract":[138],"generate":[141],"cases":[143],"MRs.":[146],"To":[147],"assess":[148],"effectiveness":[150],"approach,":[153],"use":[155],"Vertigo":[157],"mutation":[158],"tool":[160],"create":[162],"faulty":[163],"versions":[164],"contract.":[168],"The":[169],"experimental":[170],"results":[171,197],"show":[172],"that":[173],"our":[174],"detected":[178],"25.65%":[179],"total":[182],"mutants":[183],"generated,":[184],"with":[185],"most":[187],"effective":[188],"achieving":[190],"mutant-killing":[192],"rate":[193],"89%.":[195],"These":[196],"highlight":[198],"utility":[200],"ensure":[204],"reliability":[206],"quality":[208],"blockchain-based":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-12-08T00:00:00"}
