{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4286569412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sam53842.2022.9827817","title":"Statistical Analyses of Measured Forward-Looking Sonar Echo Data in a Shallow Water Environment","display_name":"Statistical Analyses of Measured Forward-Looking Sonar Echo Data in a Shallow Water Environment","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4286569412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sam53842.2022.9827817"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sam53842.2022.9827817","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sam53842.2022.9827817","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 12th Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop (SAM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101629401","display_name":"Jiajun Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0194-7023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajun Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University,Harbin,China,150001"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University,Harbin,China,150001","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014201482","display_name":"Fulvio Gini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5362-7320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fulvio Gini","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pisa,Department of Information Engineering,Pisa,Italy,56122"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pisa,Department of Information Engineering,Pisa,Italy,56122","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075507631","display_name":"Maria Greco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3804-2949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Sabrina Greco","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pisa,Department of Information Engineering,Pisa,Italy,56122"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pisa,Department of Information Engineering,Pisa,Italy,56122","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031687614","display_name":"Tian Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-9743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University,Harbin,China,150001","Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University,Harbin,China,150001","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0334,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91884701,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"106","last_page":"110"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-mammals-and-sonar","display_name":"Marine mammals and sonar","score":0.8954805135726929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sonar","display_name":"Sonar","score":0.8472392559051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7111980319023132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverberation","display_name":"Reverberation","score":0.6845653653144836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/echo","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","score":0.650721549987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sonar-signal-processing","display_name":"Sonar signal processing","score":0.6418624520301819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.5331133604049683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5113710761070251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-distribution","display_name":"K-distribution","score":0.49575909972190857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.48290395736694336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.47327303886413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-sonar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture sonar","score":0.46943023800849915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.468783974647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-gaussian-distribution","display_name":"Inverse Gaussian distribution","score":0.4446844160556793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-model","display_name":"Statistical model","score":0.4341508448123932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-power","display_name":"Statistical power","score":0.43158698081970215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weibull-distribution","display_name":"Weibull distribution","score":0.42976683378219604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rayleigh-distribution","display_name":"Rayleigh distribution","score":0.4266001284122467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-distribution","display_name":"Probability distribution","score":0.39970821142196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3546868860721588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-density-function","display_name":"Probability density function","score":0.3269844055175781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.265067994594574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.244612455368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.23409804701805115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.23279625177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2286612093448639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.22650817036628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13903889060020447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11223971843719482}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137184094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6764300","display_name":"Marine mammals and sonar","level":3,"score":0.8954805135726929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555745239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133220","display_name":"Sonar","level":2,"score":0.8472392559051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7111980319023132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95851461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468809","display_name":"Reverberation","level":2,"score":0.6845653653144836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779426996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18389128","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","level":2,"score":0.650721549987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778260390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15378713","display_name":"Sonar signal processing","level":4,"score":0.6418624520301819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.5331133604049683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5113710761070251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128963836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6322815","display_name":"K-distribution","level":3,"score":0.49575909972190857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.48290395736694336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.47327303886413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181255713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662740","display_name":"Synthetic aperture sonar","level":3,"score":0.46943023800849915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.468783974647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132878287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671727","display_name":"Inverse Gaussian distribution","level":3,"score":0.4446844160556793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.4341508448123932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96608239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199823","display_name":"Statistical power","level":2,"score":0.43158698081970215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173291955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732332","display_name":"Weibull distribution","level":2,"score":0.42976683378219604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40940223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637150","display_name":"Rayleigh distribution","level":3,"score":0.4266001284122467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.39970821142196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3546868860721588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.3269844055175781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.265067994594574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.244612455368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.23409804701805115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.23279625177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2286612093448639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.22650817036628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13903889060020447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11223971843719482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sam53842.2022.9827817","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sam53842.2022.9827817","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 12th Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop (SAM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1176832","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1176832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1805242536","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1709203,42176192,41976176","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G923508743","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"3072020CFT0501","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324499","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 di Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990044189","https://openalex.org/W2004681226","https://openalex.org/W2012511419","https://openalex.org/W2028361380","https://openalex.org/W2033851321","https://openalex.org/W2037495282","https://openalex.org/W2043993745","https://openalex.org/W2060108923","https://openalex.org/W2063023727","https://openalex.org/W2097500373","https://openalex.org/W2109018101","https://openalex.org/W2112792169","https://openalex.org/W2140042679","https://openalex.org/W2158075901","https://openalex.org/W2162654459","https://openalex.org/W2180501552","https://openalex.org/W2331952345","https://openalex.org/W2782264440","https://openalex.org/W2972947419","https://openalex.org/W6747973975","https://openalex.org/W6767375037"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099182306","https://openalex.org/W2568333394","https://openalex.org/W2107436427","https://openalex.org/W3080242539","https://openalex.org/W2370378524","https://openalex.org/W2040414533","https://openalex.org/W4286569412","https://openalex.org/W2065169007","https://openalex.org/W2137518016","https://openalex.org/W3198629713"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,85],"performance":[1],"of":[2,12,16,34,41,56,71,121,129],"underwater":[3],"target":[4],"detection":[5],"significantly":[6],"depends":[7],"on":[8],"the":[9,53,57,65,90,98,101,111,118,122,126],"statistical":[10,39],"distribution":[11,113],"reverberation":[13,35],"and":[14,81,100,132],"knowledge":[15,33],"data":[17,45,62,108,130],"correlation":[18,128],"for":[19,89],"active":[20,42],"sonar.":[21],"To":[22],"reasonably":[23],"design":[24],"constant":[25],"false":[26],"alarm":[27],"rate":[28],"(CFAR)":[29],"detectors":[30],"that":[31,88],"exploit":[32],"characteristics,":[36],"a":[37,69,106],"preliminary":[38],"analysis":[40,131],"sonar":[43,60,92],"echo":[44,61],"is":[46],"necessary.":[47],"In":[48],"this":[49,136],"study,":[50],"we":[51],"analyze":[52],"amplitude":[54],"statistics":[55],"measured":[58],"forward-looking":[59],"after":[63],"applying":[64],"beamforming":[66],"processing":[67],"with":[68],"variety":[70],"distributions":[72,103],"including":[73],"log-normal,":[74],"Weibull,":[75],"Rayleigh,":[76],"K,":[77],"generalized":[78],"Pareto":[79],"(GP)":[80],"inverse":[82],"Gaussian":[83],"distributions.":[84],"results":[86],"show":[87],"high-frequency":[91],"working":[93],"in":[94,117],"shallow":[95],"water,":[96],"both":[97],"K":[99],"GP":[102,112],"can":[104],"provide":[105],"good":[107],"fitting,":[109],"while":[110],"performs":[114],"better":[115],"especially":[116],"tail":[119],"region":[120],"distribution.":[123],"At":[124],"last,":[125],"spatio-temporal":[127],"concluding":[133],"remarks":[134],"complete":[135],"paper.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}