{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2073979665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/roman.2013.6628441","title":"What makes people empathize with an emotional robot?: The impact of agency and physical embodiment on human empathy for a robot","display_name":"What makes people empathize with an emotional robot?: The impact of agency and physical embodiment on human empathy for a robot","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2073979665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/roman.2013.6628441","mag":"2073979665"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/roman.2013.6628441","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/roman.2013.6628441","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE RO-MAN","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084589981","display_name":"Sonya S. Kwak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2763-2716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138925566","display_name":"Ewha Womans University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fp5c05","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138925566"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sonya S. Kwak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Design, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea","Dept. of Ind. Design, Ewha Womans Univ., Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Design, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138925566"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Ind. Design, Ewha Womans Univ., Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138925566"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056517357","display_name":"Yunkyung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0393-7264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunkyung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Design, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","Dept. of Ind. Design, Korea Adv. Inst. of Sci. & Technol., Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Design, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Ind. Design, Korea Adv. Inst. of Sci. & Technol., Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002274184","display_name":"Eunho Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6969-8190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103015","display_name":"Gyeonggi College of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023af1t29","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103015"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89004649","display_name":"Korea Institute of Industrial Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04qfph657","country_code":"KR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I89004649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eunho Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gyeonggi Technology Service Division, Korea Institute of Industrial and Technology, Gyeonggi, South Korea","Gyeonggi Technol. Service Div., Korea Inst. of Ind. Technol., Jeonju, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gyeonggi Technology Service Division, Korea Institute of Industrial and Technology, Gyeonggi, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103015","https://openalex.org/I89004649"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gyeonggi Technol. Service Div., Korea Inst. of Ind. Technol., Jeonju, South Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034648996","display_name":"Christine Shin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christine Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","[Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092603444","display_name":"Kwangsu Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4672-0284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwangsu Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Interaction Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea","Dept. of Interaction Sci., Sunkyunkwan Univ., Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Interaction Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Interaction Sci., Sunkyunkwan Univ., Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7403,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":143,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94975186,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"180","last_page":"185"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11431","display_name":"Action Observation and Synchronization","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empathy","display_name":"Empathy","score":0.832654595375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.8131442070007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embodied-cognition","display_name":"Embodied cognition","score":0.7889662981033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013robot-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","score":0.6153910160064697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-robot","display_name":"Social robot","score":0.6025737524032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5725843906402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agency","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","score":0.547433614730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5150856375694275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.4471377730369568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43730950355529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humanoid-robot","display_name":"Humanoid robot","score":0.43089157342910767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.33516594767570496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32138535380363464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot-control","display_name":"Robot control","score":0.27137649059295654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.25253361463546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.07102829217910767}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182263","display_name":"Empathy","level":2,"score":0.832654595375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.8131442070007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.7889662981033325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145460709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859951","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","level":3,"score":0.6153910160064697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162947575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005645","display_name":"Social robot","level":5,"score":0.6025737524032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5725843906402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.547433614730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5150856375694275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4471377730369568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43730950355529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60692881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584529","display_name":"Humanoid robot","level":3,"score":0.43089157342910767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.33516594767570496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32138535380363464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65401140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353385","display_name":"Robot control","level":4,"score":0.27137649059295654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.25253361463546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.07102829217910767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/roman.2013.6628441","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/roman.2013.6628441","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE RO-MAN","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W335867701","https://openalex.org/W1481738421","https://openalex.org/W1589382623","https://openalex.org/W1594369375","https://openalex.org/W1595732857","https://openalex.org/W1975401588","https://openalex.org/W1986578153","https://openalex.org/W1987250353","https://openalex.org/W1989104072","https://openalex.org/W1992164702","https://openalex.org/W2000916439","https://openalex.org/W2011717490","https://openalex.org/W2033995044","https://openalex.org/W2052579003","https://openalex.org/W2080966367","https://openalex.org/W2090189546","https://openalex.org/W2098225165","https://openalex.org/W2107900346","https://openalex.org/W2110102748","https://openalex.org/W2129942529","https://openalex.org/W2131708409","https://openalex.org/W2135115712","https://openalex.org/W2149595999","https://openalex.org/W2151288549","https://openalex.org/W2151768748","https://openalex.org/W2152536828","https://openalex.org/W2161576359","https://openalex.org/W2161794541","https://openalex.org/W2171401743","https://openalex.org/W2595928894","https://openalex.org/W2597967509","https://openalex.org/W4206036760","https://openalex.org/W4210569629","https://openalex.org/W4235215668","https://openalex.org/W6611558766","https://openalex.org/W6734948414","https://openalex.org/W6735174992"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293926484","https://openalex.org/W2542221445","https://openalex.org/W177694623","https://openalex.org/W2153355016","https://openalex.org/W2953790200","https://openalex.org/W2051792111","https://openalex.org/W2079685522","https://openalex.org/W2160434794","https://openalex.org/W3005142023","https://openalex.org/W2166267632"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"empathy":[1,20,28],"is":[2,129],"important":[3],"for":[4,196],"the":[5,14,36,45,50,69,92,112,117,122,139,187,197],"emotional":[6,93,127,134],"interaction":[7,135],"between":[8,136],"a":[9,12,30,39,54,73,87,96,100,131,143,159,164,176,182],"human":[10,19,193],"and":[11,49],"robot,":[13,55,119,185],"design":[15,198],"factors":[16,59],"which":[17,56,90,103],"induce":[18],"toward":[21,29],"robots":[22],"need":[23],"to":[24,61],"be":[25,33],"explored.":[26],"Human":[27],"robot":[31,89,102,114,128,162,179],"can":[32],"affected":[34],"by":[35,64],"presence":[37],"of":[38,47,53,76,95,125,189,199],"robot.":[40,167],"Thus,":[41],"we":[42],"focused":[43],"on":[44,192],"levels":[46],"agency":[48],"physical":[51,190],"embodiment":[52,191],"are":[57,202],"influential":[58],"pertaining":[60],"social":[62],"presence,":[63],"executing":[65],"two":[66],"experiments.":[67],"In":[68,138],"first":[70],"experiment,":[71,82],"in":[72,142],"2":[74,144],"(levels":[75],"agency:":[77],"mediated":[78,88,113],"vs.":[79,149],"simulated)":[80],"between-participants":[81,152],"participants":[83,155,172],"interacted":[84,156],"with":[85,111,116,157,175,181],"either":[86,158],"delivers":[91],"state":[94],"remote":[97],"user":[98],"or":[99,163],"simulated":[101,118],"expresses":[104],"its":[105],"own":[106],"emotion.":[107],"Participants":[108],"empathized":[109,173],"more":[110,174],"than":[115,180],"demonstrating":[120],"that":[121,171],"proper":[123],"form":[124],"an":[126],"as":[130],"mediator":[132],"during":[133],"people.":[137],"second":[140],"study,":[141],"(physical":[145],"embodiment:":[146],"physically":[147,150,160,165,177,183],"embodied":[148,161,178],"disembodied)":[151],"experiment":[153],"design,":[154],"disembodied":[166,184],"The":[168],"results":[169],"showed":[170],"indicating":[186],"impact":[188],"empathy.":[194],"Implications":[195],"human-robot":[200],"interactions":[201],"discussed.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-24T13:16:06.693445","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
