{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1993314673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/roman.2007.4415170","title":"Integrating Evidences of Independently Developed Face and Speaker Recognition Systems by Using Discrete Probability Density Function","display_name":"Integrating Evidences of Independently Developed Face and Speaker Recognition Systems by Using Discrete Probability Density Function","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1993314673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/roman.2007.4415170","mag":"1993314673"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/roman.2007.4415170","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/roman.2007.4415170","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"RO-MAN 2007 - The 16th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100676666","display_name":"Jaeyeon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9494-1359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaeyeon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Robot Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, South Korea","Electron. & Telecommun. Res. Inst., Daejeon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Robot Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electron. & Telecommun. Res. Inst., Daejeon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100607747","display_name":"Dohyung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5346-471X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DoHyung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["South Korea","e-mail: dhkim008@etri.re.kr, marisan@etri.re.kr"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South Korea","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"e-mail: dhkim008@etri.re.kr, marisan@etri.re.kr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080268629","display_name":"Keun-Chang Kwak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3821-0711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keun-Chang Kwak","raw_affiliation_strings":["South Korea","e-mail: kwak@etri.re.kr, marisan@etri.re.kr"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South Korea","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"e-mail: kwak@etri.re.kr, marisan@etri.re.kr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100381263","display_name":"Hye-Jin Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3299-2932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hye-Jin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["South Korea","e-mail: marisan@etri.re.kr"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South Korea","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"e-mail: marisan@etri.re.kr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108409274","display_name":"Ho\u2010Sub Yoon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1168-5810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ho-Sub Yoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["South Korea","e-mail: yoonhs@etri.re.kr, marisan@etri.re.kr"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South Korea","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"e-mail: yoonhs@etri.re.kr, marisan@etri.re.kr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08317857,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"667","last_page":"672"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7594005465507507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mahalanobis-distance","display_name":"Mahalanobis distance","score":0.7451903820037842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6723623275756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.6607959866523743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6526486277580261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parametric-statistics","display_name":"Parametric statistics","score":0.5119191408157349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaker-recognition","display_name":"Speaker recognition","score":0.5099431276321411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4939945340156555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.493191659450531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-model","display_name":"Statistical model","score":0.465763121843338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.4514445960521698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4436032474040985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.39265090227127075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09890300035476685}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7594005465507507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1921717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334846","display_name":"Mahalanobis distance","level":2,"score":0.7451903820037842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6723623275756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.6607959866523743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6526486277580261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.5119191408157349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133892786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145189","display_name":"Speaker recognition","level":2,"score":0.5099431276321411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4939945340156555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.493191659450531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.465763121843338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4514445960521698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4436032474040985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.39265090227127075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09890300035476685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/roman.2007.4415170","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/roman.2007.4415170","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"RO-MAN 2007 - The 16th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967094719","https://openalex.org/W2035108098","https://openalex.org/W2036990003","https://openalex.org/W2066278799","https://openalex.org/W2101554102","https://openalex.org/W2109829089","https://openalex.org/W2128716185","https://openalex.org/W2139212933","https://openalex.org/W2167048256"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382795578","https://openalex.org/W2355463328","https://openalex.org/W2402648945","https://openalex.org/W2053213469","https://openalex.org/W939486154","https://openalex.org/W1431147547","https://openalex.org/W2055761197","https://openalex.org/W2057608111","https://openalex.org/W2793032185","https://openalex.org/W2771741613"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"User":[0],"recognition":[1,66,89,92,238],"is":[2,107,143,162,261],"one":[3],"of":[4,64,102,149,169,207,218,251],"the":[5,17,24,40,49,62,75,80,103,111,119,146,150,167,170,177,197,205,208,257,265],"most":[6],"fundamental":[7],"functionalities":[8],"for":[9],"intelligent":[10],"service":[11],"robots.":[12],"However,":[13,166],"in":[14,98,182,253],"robot":[15],"applications,":[16],"conditions":[18],"are":[19,51,240],"far":[20],"severer":[21],"compared":[22,255],"to":[23,34,44,53,73,109,113,117,127,133,140,144,242,256],"traditional":[25,266],"biometric":[26,42],"security":[27],"systems.":[28],"The":[29,246],"robots":[30,50],"should":[31],"be":[32],"able":[33],"recognize":[35,54],"users":[36,55,221],"non-intrusively,":[37],"which":[38,59,180,260],"confines":[39],"available":[41],"features":[43],"face":[45,86,230],"and":[46,87,222,232,236],"voice.":[47],"Also,":[48],"expected":[52],"from":[56],"relatively":[57],"afar,":[58],"inevitably":[60],"deteriorates":[61],"accuracy":[63,77,254],"each":[65],"module.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69,141,187],"paper,":[70],"we":[71,189,211],"tried":[72],"improve":[74],"overall":[76],"by":[78,83,152],"integrating":[79],"evidences":[81,112,132,151,171],"issued":[82],"independently":[84],"developed":[85],"speaker":[88,237],"modules.":[90],"Each":[91,226],"module":[93],"exhibits":[94],"different":[95],"statistical":[96,147,198],"characteristics":[97,148,168,199],"representing":[99],"its":[100],"confidence":[101],"recognition.":[104],"Therefore,":[105],"it":[106,201],"essential":[108],"transform":[110],"a":[114,124,163,191,213],"normalized":[115],"form":[116,155],"integrate":[118,128],"results.":[120],"This":[121],"paper":[122],"introduces":[123],"novel":[125],"approach":[126,139],"mutually":[129],"independent":[130],"multiple":[131],"achieve":[134],"an":[135,249],"improved":[136],"performance.":[137],"Typical":[138],"problem":[142],"model":[145,196],"well-known":[153],"parametric":[154,178],"such":[156],"as":[157,200],"Gaussian.":[158],"Using":[159],"Mahalanobis":[160,267],"distance":[161,268],"good":[164],"example.":[165],"often":[172],"do":[173],"not":[174],"fit":[175],"into":[176],"models,":[179],"results":[181],"performance":[183],"degradation.":[184],"To":[185,203],"overcome":[186],"problem,":[188],"adopted":[190],"discrete":[192],"PDF":[193],"that":[194,216],"can":[195],"is.":[202],"confirm":[204],"validity":[206],"proposed":[209],"method,":[210],"used":[212],"multi-modal":[214],"database":[215],"consists":[217],"10":[219],"registered":[220],"550":[223],"probe":[224,227],"data.":[225],"data":[228],"contains":[229],"image":[231],"voice":[233],"signal.":[234],"Face":[235],"modules":[239],"applied":[241],"generate":[243],"respective":[244],"evidences.":[245],"experiment":[247],"showed":[248],"improvement":[250],"11.27%":[252],"individual":[258],"recognizers,":[259],"2.72%":[262],"better":[263],"than":[264],"approach.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}