{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2115299598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/robot.2006.1642251","title":"Using a qualitative sketch to control a team of robots","display_name":"Using a qualitative sketch to control a team of robots","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2115299598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/robot.2006.1642251","mag":"2115299598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/robot.2006.1642251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/robot.2006.1642251","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2006. ICRA 2006.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013470616","display_name":"Marjorie Skubic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3801-7639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Skubic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Missouri Univ., Columbia, MO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Missouri Univ., Columbia, MO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076164452","display_name":"Derek T. Anderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4909-029X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Missouri Univ., Columbia, MO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Missouri Univ., Columbia, MO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047344993","display_name":"Samuel Blisard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Blisard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Missouri Univ., Columbia, MO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Missouri Univ., Columbia, MO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068385102","display_name":"Dennis Perzanowski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Perzanowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence, Naval Research Laboratory, Inc., Washington D.C., DC, USA","[Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence, Naval Research Laboratory, Inc., Washington D.C., DC, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence, Naval Research Laboratory, Inc., Washington D.C., DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence, Naval Research Laboratory, Inc., Washington D.C., DC, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103004799","display_name":"Anna Charlotte Schultz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1484-9120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Schultz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence, Naval Research Laboratory, Inc., Washington D.C., DC, USA","[Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence, Naval Research Laboratory, Inc., Washington D.C., DC, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence, Naval Research Laboratory, Inc., Washington D.C., DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence, Naval Research Laboratory, Inc., Washington D.C., DC, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"3595","last_page":"3601"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10653","display_name":"Robot Manipulation and Learning","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch","display_name":"Sketch","score":0.8881323337554932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7387230396270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.7373332977294922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.7342312335968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.7331562042236328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.6504842042922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.5373368263244629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.5238069295883179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface","display_name":"User interface","score":0.499664306640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.44880253076553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3515316843986511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.32426154613494873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.07373911142349243}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.8881323337554932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7387230396270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.7373332977294922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.7342312335968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.7331562042236328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.6504842042922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5373368263244629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.5238069295883179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.499664306640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.44880253076553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3515316843986511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.32426154613494873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.07373911142349243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/robot.2006.1642251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/robot.2006.1642251","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2006. ICRA 2006.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309904","display_name":"Auburn University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v80fc35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337628","display_name":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96862199","https://openalex.org/W1526197302","https://openalex.org/W2076332785","https://openalex.org/W2097448692","https://openalex.org/W2113733134","https://openalex.org/W2126043438","https://openalex.org/W2151603945","https://openalex.org/W2157959921","https://openalex.org/W2171330332","https://openalex.org/W3125871502","https://openalex.org/W6603970464","https://openalex.org/W6674430390","https://openalex.org/W6789607045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378994405","https://openalex.org/W2385974820","https://openalex.org/W2373478030","https://openalex.org/W2378679551","https://openalex.org/W3149739944","https://openalex.org/W2392363776","https://openalex.org/W2063051341","https://openalex.org/W2591066345","https://openalex.org/W1494563618","https://openalex.org/W2357022711"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"describe":[4],"a":[5,13,18,22,26,32,76,92,102],"prototype":[6],"interface":[7,24,73],"that":[8,70],"facilitates":[9],"the":[10,36,40,62,67,71,81,84],"control":[11],"of":[12,35,91,104],"mobile":[14],"robot":[15],"team":[16],"by":[17],"single":[19],"operator,":[20],"using":[21],"sketch":[23,72],"on":[25],"tablet":[27],"PC.":[28],"The":[29,86],"user":[30,82],"sketches":[31],"qualitative":[33],"map":[34],"scene":[37],"and":[38,48,83],"includes":[39,89],"robots":[41,63],"in":[42,66,95],"approximate":[43],"starting":[44],"positions.":[45],"Both":[46],"path":[47],"target":[49],"position":[50],"commands":[51],"are":[52],"supported":[53],"as":[54,56,75],"well":[55],"editing":[57],"capabilities.":[58],"Sensor":[59],"feedback":[60],"from":[61],"is":[64],"included":[65],"display":[68],"such":[69],"acts":[74],"two-way":[77],"communication":[78],"device":[79],"between":[80],"robots.":[85],"paper":[87],"also":[88],"results":[90],"usability":[93],"study,":[94],"which":[96],"users":[97],"were":[98],"asked":[99],"to":[100],"perform":[101],"series":[103],"tasks":[105]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}