{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4243484297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/robot.2004.1302435","title":"Unsupervised scoring for scalable Internet-based collaborative teleoperation","display_name":"Unsupervised scoring for scalable Internet-based collaborative teleoperation","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4243484297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/robot.2004.1302435"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/robot.2004.1302435","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/robot.2004.1302435","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2004. Proceedings. ICRA '04. 2004","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024422271","display_name":"K. Goldberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"K. Goldberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104201812","display_name":"Dezhen Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dezhen Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103492010","display_name":"In Yong Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"In Yong Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004123817","display_name":"J. McGonigal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. McGonigal","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100401095","display_name":"Wei Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3143-4720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055119936","display_name":"D. Plautz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Plautz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Research Laboratory, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Research Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024422271"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1706,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88499482,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4551","last_page":"4556 Vol.5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11687","display_name":"Teleoperation and Haptic Systems","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11687","display_name":"Teleoperation and Haptic Systems","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9646999835968018,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7911953926086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teleoperation","display_name":"Teleoperation","score":0.6905882358551025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.627541184425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5953174829483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.586401641368866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervisor","display_name":"Supervisor","score":0.5456410646438599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.4880289137363434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.4399445056915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.4322066307067871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38823267817497253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.37323713302612305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3264806866645813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.26195695996284485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1722877025604248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.12954935431480408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1224294900894165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7911953926086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161759796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3982902","display_name":"Teleoperation","level":3,"score":0.6905882358551025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.627541184425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5953174829483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.586401641368866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779110517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1240788","display_name":"Supervisor","level":2,"score":0.5456410646438599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4880289137363434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.4399445056915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.4322066307067871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38823267817497253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.37323713302612305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3264806866645813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.26195695996284485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1722877025604248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.12954935431480408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1224294900894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/robot.2004.1302435","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/robot.2004.1302435","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2004. Proceedings. ICRA '04. 2004","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.10.121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.10.121","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ieor.berkeley.edu/~goldberg/pubs/icra04-unsupervised.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.58.8709","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.58.8709","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://faculty.cs.tamu.edu/dzsong/pdfs/dez-scoring-icra2004-v06.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307102","display_name":"Intel Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539609515","https://openalex.org/W1552815313","https://openalex.org/W1564229172","https://openalex.org/W1598911622","https://openalex.org/W1944241720","https://openalex.org/W2009293278","https://openalex.org/W2068985771","https://openalex.org/W2076447811","https://openalex.org/W2085748302","https://openalex.org/W2104450943","https://openalex.org/W2115950551","https://openalex.org/W2120445260","https://openalex.org/W2124074025","https://openalex.org/W2127342275","https://openalex.org/W2130299728","https://openalex.org/W2130861306","https://openalex.org/W2135005275","https://openalex.org/W2137375361","https://openalex.org/W2138875735","https://openalex.org/W2140055066","https://openalex.org/W2146873088","https://openalex.org/W2156075105","https://openalex.org/W2157684196","https://openalex.org/W2158534319","https://openalex.org/W2331890423","https://openalex.org/W4383270797","https://openalex.org/W6633940122","https://openalex.org/W6677135905","https://openalex.org/W6679963358","https://openalex.org/W6680455289","https://openalex.org/W6681310267","https://openalex.org/W6683471949"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1923069992","https://openalex.org/W2160982102","https://openalex.org/W4387731985","https://openalex.org/W2048862765","https://openalex.org/W2770942502","https://openalex.org/W4281943815","https://openalex.org/W2755149878","https://openalex.org/W2364738582","https://openalex.org/W2160932924","https://openalex.org/W2113265763"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"applications":[1],"in":[2,74],"education":[3],"and":[4,27,37,43,61,124],"entertainment,":[5],"scalable":[6],"Internet-based":[7],"collaborative":[8],"teleoperation":[9],"allows":[10],"many":[11],"users":[12,34],"simultaneously":[13],"to":[14,35,40,56],"share":[15],"control":[16],"of":[17,104],"a":[18,38,53],"single":[19],"device.":[20],"Automated":[21],"numerical":[22,54],"methods":[23],"that":[24,98],"can":[25],"assess":[26],"record":[28],"performance":[29],"provide":[30],"an":[31,86,91,108,116],"incentive":[32],"for":[33,93],"participate":[36],"means":[39],"evaluate":[41],"individual":[42,127],"group":[44,132],"performance.":[45,133],"In":[46],"this":[47,67,114],"paper":[48],"we":[49],"describe":[50,107],"\"unsupervised":[51],"scoring\":":[52],"approach":[55,68],"assessment":[57],"based":[58,70,118],"on":[59,71,119],"clustering":[60],"response":[62],"time.":[63],"Like":[64],"unsupervised":[65],"learning,":[66],"is":[69],"identifying":[72],"regularities":[73],"the":[75,102,120],"input":[76,80],"rather":[77],"than":[78],"comparing":[79],"with":[81,101,131],"desired":[82],"output":[83],"specified":[84],"by":[85],"external":[87],"supervisor.":[88],"We":[89,106],"present":[90],"algorithm":[92],"rapidly":[94],"computing":[95],"user":[96,111],"scores":[97,128],"scales":[99],"linearly":[100],"number":[103],"users.":[105],"implemented":[109],"Java-based":[110],"interface":[112],"incorporating":[113],"metric,":[115],"application":[117],"classic":[121],"Twister":[122],"game,":[123],"results":[125],"where":[126],"are":[129],"compared":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}