{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2167428637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/robot.1986.1087510","title":"Range from focus","display_name":"Range from focus","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2167428637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/robot.1986.1087510","mag":"2167428637"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/robot.1986.1087510","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/robot.1986.1087510","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings. 1986 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031866090","display_name":"Eric Krotkov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9726-3920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Krotkov","raw_affiliation_strings":["GRASP Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","GRASP Laboratory, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GRASP Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GRASP Laboratory, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076752899","display_name":"Jonathan Paul Martin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.-P. Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["GRASP Laboratory, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GRASP Laboratory, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1093","last_page":"1098"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11897","display_name":"Digital Holography and Microscopy","score":0.9757999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9749000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.868955135345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lens","display_name":"Lens (geology)","score":0.6712570190429688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6479195952415466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6166660189628601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.613142192363739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5782988667488098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-frequency","display_name":"Spatial frequency","score":0.5135912895202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.4952642023563385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depth-of-focus","display_name":"Depth of focus (tectonics)","score":0.46583762764930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4593093991279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.43302851915359497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.401913583278656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.180851012468338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12555554509162903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.06627768278121948}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.868955135345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6712570190429688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6479195952415466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6166660189628601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.613142192363739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5782988667488098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100921725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1650811","display_name":"Spatial frequency","level":2,"score":0.5135912895202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.4952642023563385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89002693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1538481","display_name":"Depth of focus (tectonics)","level":4,"score":0.46583762764930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4593093991279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.43302851915359497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.401913583278656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.180851012468338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12555554509162903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.06627768278121948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77928131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343","display_name":"Tectonics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58097730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176318","display_name":"Subduction","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/robot.1986.1087510","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/robot.1986.1087510","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings. 1986 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574971735","https://openalex.org/W1666853924","https://openalex.org/W2059676477","https://openalex.org/W2120765850","https://openalex.org/W2130755868","https://openalex.org/W2132788025","https://openalex.org/W2143789285","https://openalex.org/W3197953208","https://openalex.org/W4235599520","https://openalex.org/W6801374370"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W8302103","https://openalex.org/W2029129495","https://openalex.org/W2737719445","https://openalex.org/W2354263513","https://openalex.org/W3171631314","https://openalex.org/W4239098401","https://openalex.org/W2674584172","https://openalex.org/W2378605721","https://openalex.org/W1622737280","https://openalex.org/W2107270773"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"method":[1],"for":[2,90],"improving":[3],"the":[4,13,31,53,57,82,87,95],"vision":[5],"system":[6],"of":[7,33,42,55,61,66,81,94,101],"a":[8,25,39,45,74],"robot":[9,14],"is":[10,36,71,98],"to":[11,15,21,52,85],"allow":[12],"automatically":[16],"focus":[17,23,70,75],"its":[18],"cameras":[19],"and":[20,106],"use":[22],"as":[24,44],"depth":[26],"cue.":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29],"paper,":[30],"problem":[32,54,65],"automatic":[34],"focusing":[35],"reduced,":[37],"by":[38],"theoretical":[40],"analysis":[41],"defocus":[43],"wave":[46],"aberration":[47],"which":[48],"attenuates":[49],"high":[50,58],"spatial-frequencies,":[51],"measuring":[56],"spatial-frequency":[59],"content":[60],"an":[62],"image.":[63],"The":[64,92],"recovering":[67],"range":[68,96],"from":[69],"treated":[72],"using":[73],"criterion":[76],"function":[77],"along":[78],"with":[79],"knowledge":[80],"lens":[83,88],"parameters":[84],"solve":[86],"law":[89],"range.":[91],"accuracy":[93],"measurements":[97],"approximately":[99],"10%":[100],"object":[102],"distances":[103],"between":[104],"1":[105],"2m.":[107]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}