{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388623989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ro-man57019.2023.10309430","title":"An HMM-based Real-time Intervention Methodology for a Social Robot Supporting Learning","display_name":"An HMM-based Real-time Intervention Methodology for a Social Robot Supporting Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388623989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ro-man57019.2023.10309430"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ro-man57019.2023.10309430","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ro-man57019.2023.10309430","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 32nd IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/204666","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017727950","display_name":"Jauwairia Nasir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6203-1510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179225836","display_name":"University of Augsburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03p14d497","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jauwairia Nasir","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Augsburg,Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HCAI) Lab,Germany","Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HCAI) Lab, University of Augsburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Augsburg,Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HCAI) Lab,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HCAI) Lab, University of Augsburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039236595","display_name":"Mortadha Abderrahim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128676","display_name":"Human Computer Interaction (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/036dv6j71","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mortadha Abderrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL),Computer-Human Interaction in Learning and Instruction (CHILI) Lab,Switzerland","Computer-Human Interaction in Learning and Instruction (CHILI) Lab, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL),Computer-Human Interaction in Learning and Instruction (CHILI) Lab,Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer-Human Interaction in Learning and Instruction (CHILI) Lab, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039847272","display_name":"Barbara Bruno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0953-7173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbara Bruno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),Socially Assistive Robotics with Artificial Intelligence (SARAI) Lab,Germany","Socially Assistive Robotics with Artificial Intelligence (SARAI) Lab, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),Socially Assistive Robotics with Artificial Intelligence (SARAI) Lab,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Socially Assistive Robotics with Artificial Intelligence (SARAI) Lab, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083821830","display_name":"Pierre Dillenbourg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9455-5119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128676","display_name":"Human Computer Interaction (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/036dv6j71","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pierre Dillenbourg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL),Computer-Human Interaction in Learning and Instruction (CHILI) Lab,Switzerland","Computer-Human Interaction in Learning and Instruction (CHILI) Lab, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL),Computer-Human Interaction in Learning and Instruction (CHILI) Lab,Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer-Human Interaction in Learning and Instruction (CHILI) Lab, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017727950"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8741,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79351784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2204","last_page":"2211"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.977400004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-intervention","display_name":"Psychological intervention","score":0.7560354471206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.6503349542617798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervention","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","score":0.6472461819648743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6222566962242126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6002190113067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5527914762496948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5202944874763489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4476729929447174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-learning","display_name":"Social learning","score":0.4181652367115021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.4112369418144226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3909832537174225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.34587666392326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-psychology","display_name":"Applied psychology","score":0.339406281709671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.2005983293056488}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.7560354471206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.6503349542617798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.6472461819648743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6222566962242126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6002190113067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5527914762496948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5202944874763489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4476729929447174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79416737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2305519","display_name":"Social learning","level":2,"score":0.4181652367115021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.4112369418144226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3909832537174225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.34587666392326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.339406281709671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.2005983293056488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ro-man57019.2023.10309430","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ro-man57019.2023.10309430","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 32nd IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:308461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/204666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"WoS","raw_type":"conference proceedings"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uni-augsburg.opus-bayern.de:115388","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/frontdoor/index/index/docId/115388","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400930","display_name":"OPUS (Augsburg University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119916105","host_organization_name":"Augsburg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conferenceobject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:308461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/204666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"WoS","raw_type":"conference proceedings"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56218227","https://openalex.org/W2058943716","https://openalex.org/W2115147844","https://openalex.org/W2141733693","https://openalex.org/W2144001787","https://openalex.org/W2147694185","https://openalex.org/W2150291618","https://openalex.org/W2560862806","https://openalex.org/W2592042377","https://openalex.org/W2593618430","https://openalex.org/W2792703968","https://openalex.org/W2904737914","https://openalex.org/W3011751567","https://openalex.org/W3036970705","https://openalex.org/W3094064659","https://openalex.org/W3136490374","https://openalex.org/W3163276761","https://openalex.org/W3173640216","https://openalex.org/W3175346265","https://openalex.org/W3215542606","https://openalex.org/W4288032816","https://openalex.org/W4292867976","https://openalex.org/W4306974331","https://openalex.org/W4320918447","https://openalex.org/W4392633917","https://openalex.org/W4393766556","https://openalex.org/W6687512361","https://openalex.org/W6730914460","https://openalex.org/W6791177761","https://openalex.org/W6842299030","https://openalex.org/W6863372990","https://openalex.org/W6967146228"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383111961","https://openalex.org/W2365952365","https://openalex.org/W2364370872","https://openalex.org/W2352448290","https://openalex.org/W2380820513","https://openalex.org/W2053269318","https://openalex.org/W2913146933","https://openalex.org/W2372385138","https://openalex.org/W4296359239","https://openalex.org/W2101155126"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"make":[1],"social":[2],"robots":[3],"effective":[4,189],"in":[5,13,26,80,119,175,190],"education,":[6],"they":[7],"need":[8],"to":[9,50,93,139,165,183],"be":[10],"autonomous":[11],"both":[12,122],"terms":[14,120],"of":[15,72,121,126,146,203],"assessing":[16,67],"the":[17,70,73,124,127,130,143,147,153,161,166,176,192],"student\u2019s":[18],"engagement":[19,105],"state":[20,71],"as":[21,23,75],"well":[22],"intervening":[24],"effectively":[25],"soft":[27,81],"real-time":[28],"when":[29],"necessary.":[30],"Hidden":[31],"Markov":[32],"Model":[33],"(HMM)":[34],"is":[35,46,99,106],"an":[36,62],"interpretable":[37],"machine":[38],"learning":[39,53,132,177,194],"technique":[40],"for":[41,66],"modeling":[42],"temporal":[43],"data":[44],"that":[45,152,181],"commonly":[47],"used":[48],"post-hoc":[49],"analyse":[51],"latent":[52],"processes.":[54],"In":[55,108],"this":[56,117],"paper,":[57],"we":[58,115],"contribute":[59],"by":[60,197],"proposing":[61],"HMM-based":[63],"intervention":[64,98,204],"methodology":[65,118],"and":[68,86,89,95,134,141],"classifying":[69],"student":[74],"either":[76],"productive":[77],"or":[78],"unproductive":[79],"real-time.":[82],"The":[83],"system":[84],"identifies":[85],"tracks":[87],"states":[88],"patterns":[90],"not":[91,207],"conducive":[92,138],"learning,":[94,140],"a":[96,102,109,157,172],"robot":[97,154],"triggered":[100],"whenever":[101],"too-high":[103],"non-productive":[104],"detected.":[107],"pilot":[110],"study":[111],"with":[112],"22":[113],"children,":[114],"evaluate":[116],"1)":[123],"effectiveness":[125],"interventions":[128,155,180],"on":[129,135,160],"students\u2019":[131,144,201],"gains":[133],"behaviors":[136,186],"found":[137],"2)":[142],"perception":[145,202],"robotic":[148],"interventions.":[149,199],"Results":[150],"suggest":[151],"have":[156],"positive":[158],"effect":[159],"post-test":[162],"scores":[163],"relative":[164],"baseline":[167],"robot,":[168],"although":[169],"there":[170],"isn\u2019t":[171],"significant":[173],"difference":[174],"gains.":[178],"Moreover,":[179],"try":[182],"induce":[184],"reflective":[185],"are":[187],"most":[188],"inducing":[191],"required":[193],"behavior,":[195],"followed":[196],"communication-inducing":[198],"Lastly,":[200],"usefulness":[205],"does":[206],"reflect":[208],"their":[209],"actual":[210],"effectiveness.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
