{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2014328421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/rndm.2015.7325234","title":"Probabilistic flow marking for IP traceback (PFM)","display_name":"Probabilistic flow marking for IP traceback (PFM)","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2014328421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/rndm.2015.7325234","mag":"2014328421"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/rndm.2015.7325234","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/rndm.2015.7325234","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 7th International Workshop on Reliable Networks Design and Modeling (RNDM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055532343","display_name":"Vahid Aghaei-Foroushani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vahid Aghaei-Foroushani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada","[Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008462534","display_name":"A. Nur Zincir\u2010Heywood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2796-7265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Nur Zincir-Heywood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada","[Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055532343"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3313,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83093619,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"229","last_page":"236"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ip-traceback","display_name":"IP traceback","score":0.9594948291778564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.7711194753646851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7614127397537231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.720486581325531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ip-address-spoofing","display_name":"IP address spoofing","score":0.7117037177085876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6386290788650513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5948128700256348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.5819679498672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5650606155395508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flooding","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","score":0.5397698879241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","score":0.5156247019767761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.49805402755737305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-traffic","display_name":"Internet traffic","score":0.4821026623249054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-address-translation","display_name":"Network address translation","score":0.44195663928985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-protocol","display_name":"Internet Protocol","score":0.3035767078399658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.10391092300415039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.0805293619632721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776059407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5973212","display_name":"IP traceback","level":4,"score":0.9594948291778564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.7711194753646851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7614127397537231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.720486581325531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111814575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550893","display_name":"IP address spoofing","level":5,"score":0.7117037177085876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6386290788650513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5948128700256348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.5819679498672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5650606155395508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186594467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429176","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5397698879241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5156247019767761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.49805402755737305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63969886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3536440","display_name":"Internet traffic","level":3,"score":0.4821026623249054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147873670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11182","display_name":"Network address translation","level":4,"score":0.44195663928985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35341882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8795","display_name":"Internet Protocol","level":3,"score":0.3035767078399658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.10391092300415039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0805293619632721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/rndm.2015.7325234","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/rndm.2015.7325234","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 7th International Workshop on Reliable Networks Design and Modeling (RNDM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1959318606","https://openalex.org/W1971747875","https://openalex.org/W1977467230","https://openalex.org/W1984956506","https://openalex.org/W2041784634","https://openalex.org/W2081326724","https://openalex.org/W2090583939","https://openalex.org/W2096070451","https://openalex.org/W2117320853","https://openalex.org/W2125366578","https://openalex.org/W2135578851","https://openalex.org/W2135708813","https://openalex.org/W2142941871","https://openalex.org/W2143629476","https://openalex.org/W2150228605","https://openalex.org/W2170771030","https://openalex.org/W6682144364"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978185930","https://openalex.org/W1555931190","https://openalex.org/W2360631891","https://openalex.org/W4213246274","https://openalex.org/W2342553505","https://openalex.org/W2051979939","https://openalex.org/W2993207805","https://openalex.org/W2377214228","https://openalex.org/W2538684742","https://openalex.org/W1977530423"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distributed-Denial-Of-Service":[0],"attacks":[1,18,26,60],"are":[2],"one":[3],"of":[4,24,103,116,152,165],"the":[5,10,22,25,62,71,93,101,104,108,117,132,142,150],"hardest":[6],"security":[7],"issues":[8],"on":[9,61,110,125],"Internet":[11,109,128],"today.":[12],"One":[13],"difficulty":[14],"to":[15,20,35,56,99,141,156],"counter":[16],"these":[17],"is":[19,55,73],"trace":[21,57],"source":[23,32,72,118],"because":[27],"they":[28],"often":[29],"use":[30],"spoofed":[31],"IP":[33,45,119,144],"addresses":[34],"hide":[36],"their":[37,66],"original":[38,67],"source.":[39],"This":[40,96],"paper":[41],"presents":[42],"a":[43,76,82,90,111,160],"new":[44],"traceback":[46,145,157],"scheme,":[47],"called":[48],"Probabilistic":[49],"Flow":[50],"Marking":[51],"(PFM).":[52],"The":[53],"goal":[54],"anonymous":[58],"flooding":[59],"network":[63,77],"back":[64],"toward":[65],"source,":[68],"even":[69],"if":[70],"located":[74],"behind":[75],"address":[78,120],"translation":[79],"(NAT)":[80],"or":[81],"proxy":[83],"device.":[84],"In":[85],"this":[86],"approach,":[87],"PFM":[88,98,124,147],"embeds":[89],"fingerprint":[91],"in":[92,163],"packets":[94,154],"randomly.":[95],"enables":[97],"identify":[100],"origin":[102],"traffic":[105],"traversing":[106],"through":[107],"per":[112],"flow":[113],"basis,":[114],"regardless":[115],"spoofing.":[121],"We":[122],"evaluate":[123],"three":[126],"real-life":[127],"data":[129],"sets":[130],"from":[131],"CAIDA":[133],"archives.":[134],"Our":[135],"evaluation":[136],"results":[137],"show":[138],"that":[139],"compared":[140],"previous":[143],"schemes,":[146],"significantly":[148],"decreases":[149],"number":[151],"marked":[153],"required":[155],"and":[158,167],"represents":[159],"step":[161],"forward":[162],"terms":[164],"performance":[166],"deployability.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-25T21:42:39.735039","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
