{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3006050428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/reconfig48160.2019.8994795","title":"An FPGA Accelerator for Embedded Microcontrollers Implementing a Ternarized Backpropagation Algorithm","display_name":"An FPGA Accelerator for Embedded Microcontrollers Implementing a Ternarized Backpropagation Algorithm","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3006050428","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/reconfig48160.2019.8994795","mag":"3006050428"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/reconfig48160.2019.8994795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/reconfig48160.2019.8994795","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 International Conference on ReConFigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011756396","display_name":"T. Kaneko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0951-875X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159165171","display_name":"Hokkaido Information University","ror":"https://ror.org/00nyxpe17","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159165171"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205349734","display_name":"Hokkaido University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e16g702","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104234503","display_name":"Hokkaido University of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05gqsa340","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104234503"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tatsuya Kaneko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School, Hokkaido University,Faculty of Information Science and Technology,Sapporo,Japan","Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School, Hokkaido University,Faculty of Information Science and Technology,Sapporo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734","https://openalex.org/I104234503"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159165171","https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022390623","display_name":"Hiroshi Momose","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0701-3818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104234503","display_name":"Hokkaido University of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05gqsa340","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104234503"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205349734","display_name":"Hokkaido University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e16g702","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159165171","display_name":"Hokkaido Information University","ror":"https://ror.org/00nyxpe17","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159165171"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroshi Momose","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School, Hokkaido University,Faculty of Information Science and Technology,Sapporo,Japan","Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School, Hokkaido University,Faculty of Information Science and Technology,Sapporo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734","https://openalex.org/I104234503"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159165171","https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080170293","display_name":"Tetsuya Asai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1158-9810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104234503","display_name":"Hokkaido University of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05gqsa340","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104234503"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159165171","display_name":"Hokkaido Information University","ror":"https://ror.org/00nyxpe17","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159165171"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205349734","display_name":"Hokkaido University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e16g702","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tetsuya Asai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School, Hokkaido University,Faculty of Information Science and Technology,Sapporo,Japan","Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School, Hokkaido University,Faculty of Information Science and Technology,Sapporo,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734","https://openalex.org/I104234503"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159165171","https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011756396"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104234503","https://openalex.org/I159165171","https://openalex.org/I205349734"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.121,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5061428,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8316947221755981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.7852165699005127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7690019607543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.7400707006454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.653664231300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-random-access-memory","display_name":"Static random-access memory","score":0.582044243812561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.49809765815734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.47982120513916016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.45514753460884094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.40863025188446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.39793431758880615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32249557971954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07647353410720825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8316947221755981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.7852165699005127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7690019607543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.7400707006454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.653664231300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68043766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267416","display_name":"Static random-access memory","level":2,"score":0.582044243812561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.49809765815734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.47982120513916016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.45514753460884094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.40863025188446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.39793431758880615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32249557971954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07647353410720825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/reconfig48160.2019.8994795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/reconfig48160.2019.8994795","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 International Conference on ReConFigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W114517082","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2119144962","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2150355110","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2291160084","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2319920447","https://openalex.org/W2469490737","https://openalex.org/W2593564159","https://openalex.org/W2594492285","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2724189024","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2766447205","https://openalex.org/W2777372517","https://openalex.org/W2783525259","https://openalex.org/W2803208310","https://openalex.org/W2884150179","https://openalex.org/W2886847195","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2898985762","https://openalex.org/W2920954974","https://openalex.org/W2921918777","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963420686","https://openalex.org/W2964299589","https://openalex.org/W2965347706","https://openalex.org/W2978225787","https://openalex.org/W4289752678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386603768","https://openalex.org/W2950475743","https://openalex.org/W2886711096","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W4380078352","https://openalex.org/W3046591097","https://openalex.org/W4389249638","https://openalex.org/W3008580913","https://openalex.org/W1701967867","https://openalex.org/W1175778682"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"better":[1],"utilize":[2],"artificial":[3],"intelligence":[4],"(AI)":[5],"in":[6],"the":[7,18,78,81,90,94,100,106,113,120],"edge":[8],"domain,":[9],"such":[10],"that":[11],"it":[12],"is":[13,30],"more":[14],"attractive":[15],"and":[16,22,45,76,108],"fruitful,":[17],"development":[19],"of":[20,65,89,93,99,105,112,135],"low-power":[21],"-resource":[23],"AI":[24],"devices":[25],"dedicated":[26],"to":[27,34,47,83],"online":[28],"learning":[29],"very":[31],"important":[32],"issue":[33],"be":[35,48],"solved.":[36],"We":[37,122],"proposed":[38],"new":[39],"ternarized":[40],"backpropagation":[41,55],"(TBP)":[42],"algorithms":[43],"[1]":[44],"verified":[46],"favorably":[49],"compatible":[50],"with":[51,117,131],"fixed-point":[52],"16":[53],"bit":[54],"(FixedBP).":[56],"In":[57,137],"this":[58],"paper,":[59],"we":[60,139],"present":[61],"our":[62],"implementation":[63],"method":[64],"TBP":[66,79],"on":[67,80],"an":[68,71],"FPGA":[69,82],"as":[70,144],"accelerator":[72],"for":[73,119,126],"embedded":[74],"microcontrollers,":[75],"evaluate":[77],"achieve":[84],"a":[85,132],"15.7":[86],"%":[87,97,103,110],"reduction":[88,98,104,111],"logic":[91],"elements":[92],"FPGA,":[95],"12.3":[96],"registers,":[101],"90.9":[102],"multipliers,":[107],"49.8":[109],"SRAM":[114],"usage,":[115],"comparing":[116],"those":[118],"FixedBP.":[121],"verify":[123],"its":[124],"capabilities":[125],"training":[127],"MNIST":[128],"classification":[129],"task":[130],"mini-batch":[133],"size":[134],"one.":[136],"addition,":[138],"demonstrate":[140],"image":[141],"recognition":[142],"system":[143],"application":[145],"example.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}