{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2588369819","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/reconfig.2016.7857187","title":"Robust bitstream protection in FPGA-based systems through low-overhead obfuscation","display_name":"Robust bitstream protection in FPGA-based systems through low-overhead obfuscation","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2588369819","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/reconfig.2016.7857187","mag":"2588369819"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/reconfig.2016.7857187","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/reconfig.2016.7857187","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 International Conference on ReConFigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049193989","display_name":"Robert Karam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2713-029X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert Karam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of ECE, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of ECE, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073744069","display_name":"Tamzidul Hoque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6845-0361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tamzidul Hoque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of ECE, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of ECE, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013741441","display_name":"Ray Sandip","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandip Ray","raw_affiliation_strings":["NXP Semiconductor, Austin, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NXP Semiconductor, Austin, TX","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102766705","display_name":"Mark Tehranipoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8410-2347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Tehranipoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of ECE, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of ECE, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039442844","display_name":"Swarup Bhunia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-6961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swarup Bhunia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of ECE, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of ECE, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049193989"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.73,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95457965,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitstream","display_name":"Bitstream","score":0.8705512285232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.8483442068099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8184062242507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7258327603340149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6532714366912842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5705147981643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.25257015228271484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.167423814535141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11769455671310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09912100434303284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136695289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415568","display_name":"Bitstream","level":3,"score":0.8705512285232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.8483442068099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8184062242507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7258327603340149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6532714366912842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5705147981643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.25257015228271484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.167423814535141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11769455671310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09912100434303284}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/reconfig.2016.7857187","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/reconfig.2016.7857187","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 International Conference on ReConFigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528278469","https://openalex.org/W1583136220","https://openalex.org/W1922829621","https://openalex.org/W1987813276","https://openalex.org/W2006312753","https://openalex.org/W2012725064","https://openalex.org/W2021705882","https://openalex.org/W2060389684","https://openalex.org/W2096014416","https://openalex.org/W2107937248","https://openalex.org/W2127992996","https://openalex.org/W2139637699","https://openalex.org/W2149209089","https://openalex.org/W2242458479","https://openalex.org/W2293714800","https://openalex.org/W2785506110","https://openalex.org/W4254910091","https://openalex.org/W6635135688","https://openalex.org/W6640248849","https://openalex.org/W6651700774","https://openalex.org/W6680692090"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319430423","https://openalex.org/W4390224957","https://openalex.org/W4323831234","https://openalex.org/W3193983765","https://openalex.org/W2544043553","https://openalex.org/W4311839959","https://openalex.org/W1982685694","https://openalex.org/W49599899","https://openalex.org/W2121309702","https://openalex.org/W3217774925"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reconfigurable":[0],"hardware,":[1],"such":[2],"as":[3,203,205],"Field":[4],"Programmable":[5],"Gate":[6],"Arrays":[7],"(FPGAs),":[8],"are":[9],"being":[10],"increasingly":[11],"deployed":[12],"in":[13],"diverse":[14],"application":[15,160],"areas":[16],"including":[17],"automotive":[18],"systems,":[19],"critical":[20],"infrastructures,":[21],"and":[22,41,105,108,120,149,192],"the":[23,92,132,140,153,166],"emerging":[24],"Internet":[25],"of":[26,82,200],"Things":[27],"(IoT),":[28],"to":[29,137],"implement":[30],"customized":[31],"designs.":[32],"However,":[33],"securing":[34],"FPGA-based":[35],"designs":[36],"against":[37,66,180],"piracy,":[38],"reverse":[39],"engineering,":[40],"tampering":[42],"is":[43],"challenging,":[44],"especially":[45],"for":[46,78,118,152,197],"systems":[47],"that":[48,88,163],"require":[49],"remote":[50],"upgrade.":[51],"In":[52,69],"many":[53],"cases,":[54],"existing":[55,102],"solutions":[56],"based":[57],"on":[58,184,211],"bit-stream":[59],"encryption":[60,113],"may":[61],"not":[62],"provide":[63,144],"sufficient":[64],"protection":[65,81,93],"these":[67],"attacks.":[68],"this":[70,172],"paper,":[71],"we":[72,175],"present":[73],"a":[74,145,158,198],"novel":[75],"obfuscation":[76],"approach":[77,99],"provably":[79,177],"robust":[80],"FPGA":[83,103,185],"bitstreams":[84,186],"at":[85],"low":[86],"overhead":[87,196],"goes":[89],"well":[90,204],"beyond":[91],"offered":[94],"by":[95,116],"bitstream":[96],"encryption.":[97],"The":[98],"works":[100],"with":[101,112,165,187],"architectures":[104],"synthesis":[106],"flows,":[107],"can":[109],"be":[110],"used":[111],"techniques,":[114],"or":[115],"itself":[117],"power":[119,195],"area-constrained":[121],"systems.":[122],"It":[123],"leverages":[124],"\u201cFPGA":[125],"dark":[126],"silicon\u201d":[127],"-":[128,136],"unused":[129],"resources":[130],"within":[131],"configurable":[133],"logic":[134],"blocks":[135,210],"efficiently":[138],"obfuscate":[139],"true":[141],"functionality.":[142],"We":[143,155],"detailed":[146],"threat":[147],"model":[148],"security":[150,179],"analysis":[151],"approach.":[154],"have":[156],"developed":[157],"complete":[159],"mapping":[161],"framework":[162],"integrates":[164],"Altera":[167],"Quartus":[168],"II":[169],"software.":[170],"Using":[171],"CAD":[173],"framework,":[174],"achieve":[176],"strong":[178],"all":[181],"major":[182],"attacks":[183],"an":[188],"average":[189],"13%":[190],"latency":[191],"2%":[193],"total":[194],"set":[199],"benchmark":[201],"circuits,":[202],"several":[206],"large-scale":[207],"open-source":[208],"IP":[209],"commercial":[212],"FPGA.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}