{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2038455038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/re.2014.6912271","title":"Non-functional requirements as qualities, with a spice of ontology","display_name":"Non-functional requirements as qualities, with a spice of ontology","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2038455038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/re.2014.6912271","mag":"2038455038"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/re.2014.6912271","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/re.2014.6912271","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE 22nd International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101808283","display_name":"Feng-Lin Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Feng-Lin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trento, Trento, Italy","University of Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007649650","display_name":"Jennifer Horkoff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2019-5277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Horkoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trento, Trento, Italy","University of Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052098157","display_name":"John Mylopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8698-3292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Mylopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trento, Trento, Italy","University of Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112594494","display_name":"Renata S. S. Guizzardi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51235708","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo","ror":"https://ror.org/05sxf4h28","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51235708"]}],"countries":["BR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renata S. S. Guizzardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA","Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES)Vitoria Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES)Vitoria Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51235708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065297243","display_name":"Giancarlo Guizzardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3452-553X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51235708","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo","ror":"https://ror.org/05sxf4h28","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51235708"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giancarlo Guizzardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Vit\u00f3ria, Brazil","Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES)Vitoria Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Vit\u00f3ria, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51235708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES)Vitoria Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51235708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013856766","display_name":"Alexander Borgida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4507-7805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51235708","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo","ror":"https://ror.org/05sxf4h28","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51235708"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["BR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Borgida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Vit\u00f3ria, Brazil","Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Vit\u00f3ria, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51235708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100383342","display_name":"Lin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2843-5738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101808283"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.9985,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97423613,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"293","last_page":"302"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7751902341842651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-functional-requirement","display_name":"Non-functional requirement","score":0.754858136177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5043278932571411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirements-elicitation","display_name":"Requirements elicitation","score":0.4927525818347931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.480229914188385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.47386741638183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirements-analysis","display_name":"Requirements analysis","score":0.47139909863471985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.46517038345336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirements-management","display_name":"Requirements management","score":0.41816407442092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.41164708137512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3625637888908386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.29451507329940796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2751481533050537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.22388270497322083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.16637346148490906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.09160000085830688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7751902341842651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199747065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3254666","display_name":"Non-functional requirement","level":5,"score":0.754858136177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5043278932571411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45384764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838667","display_name":"Requirements elicitation","level":4,"score":0.4927525818347931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.480229914188385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.47386741638183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59488412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187147","display_name":"Requirements analysis","level":3,"score":0.47139909863471985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.46517038345336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173577280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q530038","display_name":"Requirements management","level":4,"score":0.41816407442092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.41164708137512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3625637888908386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.29451507329940796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2751481533050537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.22388270497322083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.16637346148490906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.09160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/re.2014.6912271","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/re.2014.6912271","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE 22nd International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.709.8816","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.709.8816","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.inf.ufes.br/%7Egguizzardi/RE2014.NFRs.as.Qualities-3-4.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.01RUT_INST:11664918480004646","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu/esploro/outputs/conferenceProceeding/Non-functional-requirements-as-qualities-with-a/991031665579904646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Proceedings"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unitn.it:11572/101669","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11572/101669","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401913","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trento)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","host_organization_name":"University of Trento","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W80051235","https://openalex.org/W168970045","https://openalex.org/W842176085","https://openalex.org/W1522554322","https://openalex.org/W1524500851","https://openalex.org/W1529289401","https://openalex.org/W1577034617","https://openalex.org/W1601600712","https://openalex.org/W1624528677","https://openalex.org/W1796264214","https://openalex.org/W1980201832","https://openalex.org/W1987242689","https://openalex.org/W2017739343","https://openalex.org/W2025381832","https://openalex.org/W2047057637","https://openalex.org/W2071720065","https://openalex.org/W2084610557","https://openalex.org/W2089160254","https://openalex.org/W2095656719","https://openalex.org/W2098895708","https://openalex.org/W2098969028","https://openalex.org/W2105539612","https://openalex.org/W2108234081","https://openalex.org/W2108508229","https://openalex.org/W2130409877","https://openalex.org/W2130891285","https://openalex.org/W2134934846","https://openalex.org/W2141312052","https://openalex.org/W2158671725","https://openalex.org/W2162571315","https://openalex.org/W2247419461","https://openalex.org/W2295377072","https://openalex.org/W2301605390","https://openalex.org/W2406713467","https://openalex.org/W2495387843","https://openalex.org/W2721898503","https://openalex.org/W4242182825","https://openalex.org/W4247090054","https://openalex.org/W4248323714","https://openalex.org/W4255888652","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6631634610","https://openalex.org/W6635824400","https://openalex.org/W6676368012","https://openalex.org/W6690703491","https://openalex.org/W6713865869","https://openalex.org/W7058594369"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2472769502","https://openalex.org/W2242308721","https://openalex.org/W4291197340","https://openalex.org/W1617997706","https://openalex.org/W2901540557","https://openalex.org/W2062417677","https://openalex.org/W2243653617","https://openalex.org/W4254568495","https://openalex.org/W142054160","https://openalex.org/W757926393"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,73],"propose":[1],"a":[2,17,21,76,98],"modeling":[3],"language":[4,25,43],"for":[5,78],"non-functional":[6],"requirements":[7,13,48,99],"(NFRs)":[8],"that":[9,29,101,111],"views":[10],"NFRs":[11,34,82,104,119],"as":[12,68],"over":[14],"qualities,":[15],"mapping":[16],"software-related":[18],"domain":[19],"to":[20,35],"quality":[22,51],"space.":[23],"The":[24,93,108],"is":[26,95],"compositional":[27],"in":[28,38,70,87,121],"it":[30],"allows":[31,44],"(recursively)":[32],"complex":[33],"be":[36],"constructed":[37],"several":[39],"ways.":[40],"Importantly,":[41],"the":[42,45,50,61,71],"definition":[46],"of":[47,52,54,63],"about":[49],"fulfillment":[53],"other":[55],"requirements,":[56],"thus":[57],"capturing,":[58],"among":[59],"others,":[60],"essence":[62],"probabilistic":[64],"and":[65,90,117],"fuzzy":[66],"goals":[67],"proposed":[69],"literature.":[72],"also":[74],"offer":[75],"methodology":[77],"systematically":[79],"refining":[80],"informal":[81],"elicited":[83],"from":[84],"stakeholders,":[85],"resulting":[86],"unambiguous,":[88],"de-idealized,":[89],"measurable":[91],"requirements.":[92],"proposal":[94],"evaluated":[96],"with":[97],"dataset":[100],"includes":[102],"370":[103],"crossing":[105],"15":[106],"projects.":[107],"results":[109],"suggest":[110],"our":[112],"framework":[113],"can":[114],"adequately":[115],"handle":[116],"clarify":[118],"generated":[120],"practice.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}