{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2023837902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/re.2012.6345795","title":"Speculative requirements: Automatic detection of uncertainty in natural language requirements","display_name":"Speculative requirements: Automatic detection of uncertainty in natural language requirements","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2023837902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/re.2012.6345795","mag":"2023837902"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/re.2012.6345795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/re.2012.6345795","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 20th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013881706","display_name":"Hui Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3372-4801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","display_name":"The Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hui Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Open University, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Open University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109882660","display_name":"Anne De Roeck","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","display_name":"The Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anne De Roeck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Open University, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Open University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078515281","display_name":"Vincenzo Gervasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8567-9328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincenzo Gervasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111945998","display_name":"Alistair Willis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","display_name":"The Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alistair Willis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Open University, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Open University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060861082","display_name":"Bashar Nuseibeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3476-053X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130076","display_name":"Lero","ror":"https://ror.org/038dhnb42","country_code":"IE","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130076"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","display_name":"The Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}],"countries":["GB","IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bashar Nuseibeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Open University, UK","Lero-The Irish Software Engineering Research Centre, University of Limerick, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Open University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lero-The Irish Software Engineering Research Centre, University of Limerick, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130076","https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013881706"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4213,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94273817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"11","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7208989262580872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.5285469889640808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.43058454990386963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.2851281464099884}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7208989262580872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5285469889640808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.43058454990386963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2851281464099884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/re.2012.6345795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/re.2012.6345795","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 20th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:110478","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Proceedings Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.398.1948","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.398.1948","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://oro.open.ac.uk/34479/1/__penelope_MCSUsers_Staff_hy237_hy237_Research_Research_Paper_Unpublished_Assertion_RE'12_Camera_ready_re12main-p027-yang-10688-submitted.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/158585","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11568/158585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/e8b954c2-30df-4f70-a1aa-85888daa78f6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/e8b954c2-30df-4f70-a1aa-85888daa78f6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Yang, H, Roeck, A D, Gervasi, V, Willis, A & Nuseibeh, B 2012, Speculative requirements: Automatic detection of uncertainty in natural language requirements. in The 20th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE). pp. 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1109/re.2012.6345795","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8073549492","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/F068859/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W273036708","https://openalex.org/W1574147753","https://openalex.org/W1786578488","https://openalex.org/W1982464493","https://openalex.org/W2018940430","https://openalex.org/W2028973272","https://openalex.org/W2048279992","https://openalex.org/W2085721194","https://openalex.org/W2102994123","https://openalex.org/W2123107826","https://openalex.org/W2124738354","https://openalex.org/W2135239686","https://openalex.org/W2139729213","https://openalex.org/W2146582013","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2159230276","https://openalex.org/W2162497509","https://openalex.org/W2162555922","https://openalex.org/W2171972263","https://openalex.org/W4205411218","https://openalex.org/W4252349324","https://openalex.org/W6610009877","https://openalex.org/W6678302665","https://openalex.org/W6678430481","https://openalex.org/W6680507110"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Stakeholders":[0],"frequently":[1],"use":[2,113],"speculative":[3,23,25,71],"language":[4,60],"when":[5],"they":[6],"need":[7],"to":[8,18,53,84,106,126,152],"convey":[9],"their":[10],"requirements":[11,26,42,101],"with":[12,131],"some":[13],"degree":[14],"of":[15,22,56,94,110,122,134,148,158],"uncertainty.":[16,111],"Due":[17],"the":[19,41,108,128,132,139,154],"intrinsic":[20],"vagueness":[21],"language,":[24],"risk":[27],"being":[28],"misunderstood,":[29],"and":[30,34,96,156],"related":[31],"uncertainty":[32,57,86,129],"overlooked,":[33],"may":[35],"benefit":[36],"from":[37,100],"careful":[38],"treatment":[39],"in":[40,58,138],"engineering":[43],"process.":[44],"In":[45],"this":[46],"paper,":[47],"we":[48,69,104,150],"present":[49,137],"a":[50,75,91,114,120,146],"linguistically-oriented":[51],"approach":[52,64,116],"automatic":[54],"detection":[55],"natural":[59],"(NL)":[61],"requirements.":[62],"Our":[63],"comprises":[65],"two":[66],"stages.":[67],"First":[68],"identify":[70,85],"sentences":[72],"by":[73],"applying":[74],"machine":[76],"learning":[77],"algorithm":[78,89],"called":[79],"Conditional":[80],"Random":[81],"Fields":[82],"(CRFs)":[83],"cues.":[87],"The":[88],"exploits":[90],"rich":[92],"set":[93,121],"lexical":[95],"syntactic":[97],"features":[98],"extracted":[99],"sentences.":[102],"Second,":[103],"try":[105],"determine":[107,127],"scope":[109,130],"We":[112,143],"rule-based":[115],"that":[117],"draws":[118],"on":[119,145],"hand-crafted":[123],"linguistic":[124],"heuristics":[125],"help":[133],"dependency":[135],"structures":[136],"sentence":[140],"parse":[141],"tree.":[142],"report":[144],"series":[147],"experiments":[149],"conducted":[151],"evaluate":[153],"performance":[155],"usefulness":[157],"our":[159],"system.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}