{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413980145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/rcar65431.2025.11139763","title":"A Novel Lightweight Underwater Dense Small Object Detection Algorithm Based on YOLOv11","display_name":"A Novel Lightweight Underwater Dense Small Object Detection Algorithm Based on YOLOv11","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413980145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/rcar65431.2025.11139763"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/rcar65431.2025.11139763","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/rcar65431.2025.11139763","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Real-time Computing and Robotics (RCAR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100785478","display_name":"Jianing Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3373-4241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hainan University,School of Information and Communication Engineering,Haikou,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hainan University,School of Information and Communication Engineering,Haikou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100368347","display_name":"Chao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4725-8661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hainan University,School of Information and Communication Engineering,Haikou,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hainan University,School of Information and Communication Engineering,Haikou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011132245","display_name":"Mengxing Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5709-703X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengxing Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hainan University,School of Information and Communication Engineering,Haikou,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hainan University,School of Information and Communication Engineering,Haikou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042622978","display_name":"Yuanyuan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-9359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hainan University,School of Information and Communication Engineering,Haikou,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hainan University,School of Information and Communication Engineering,Haikou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100433581","display_name":"Yu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5848-8892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hainan University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Haikou,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hainan University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Haikou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100724505","display_name":"Zhong Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6580-3870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hainan University,School of Information and Communication Engineering,Haikou,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hainan University,School of Information and Communication Engineering,Haikou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Guodong Hao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guodong Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hainan University,School of Information and Communication Engineering,Haikou,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hainan University,School of Information and Communication Engineering,Haikou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"168","last_page":"173"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.8693000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.8693000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.8396000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6933445930480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.655382513999939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5210187435150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.45170581340789795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.41086962819099426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3811761736869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36699751019477844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.2171844244003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.11218413710594177}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6933445930480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.655382513999939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5210187435150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.45170581340789795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.41086962819099426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3811761736869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36699751019477844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2171844244003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.11218413710594177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/rcar65431.2025.11139763","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/rcar65431.2025.11139763","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Real-time Computing and Robotics (RCAR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323370","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2943659362","https://openalex.org/W2963068995","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963494934","https://openalex.org/W2987322772","https://openalex.org/W3091565629","https://openalex.org/W3216544510","https://openalex.org/W4315498985","https://openalex.org/W4386319016","https://openalex.org/W4386896334","https://openalex.org/W4392767838","https://openalex.org/W4393147880","https://openalex.org/W4401452802","https://openalex.org/W4402132995","https://openalex.org/W4404739965","https://openalex.org/W4407353660"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W4388412763","https://openalex.org/W1999583034","https://openalex.org/W3168963531","https://openalex.org/W2591930867","https://openalex.org/W2953138830","https://openalex.org/W2773822314","https://openalex.org/W4292830139","https://openalex.org/W4319309705"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,120,134],"underwater":[1],"environment":[2],"is":[3,44,52,65,110,152],"complex":[4],"and":[5,13,29,82,91,116,131],"the":[6,16,48,58,69,79,83,97,104,124,127,138,143,148,155],"targets":[7],"to":[8,19,46,67,88,99,112],"be":[9,20],"detected":[10],"are":[11,22,32,86],"small":[12,101],"clustered.":[14],"Meanwhile":[15],"features":[17,31,73,115],"required":[18],"extracted":[21],"numerous,":[23],"which":[24,51,95],"causes":[25],"high":[26],"computational":[27],"complexity,":[28],"low-frequency":[30,72],"easily":[33],"lost.":[34],"In":[35],"view":[36],"of":[37,71,126,147],"this,":[38],"a":[39,62],"detection":[40],"algorithm":[41,150],"called":[42],"WLF-YOLO":[43,149],"proposed":[45,66,87,111],"address":[47],"above":[49],"problems,":[50],"an":[53],"improved":[54],"version":[55],"based":[56],"on":[57,137],"YOLOv11":[59,157],"algorithm.":[60],"Firstly,":[61],"C3k2-WT":[63],"module":[64,81,85,108],"improve":[68],"extraction":[70],"with":[74],"varying":[75],"receptive":[76],"fields.":[77],"Then,":[78],"SPPF-LSKA":[80],"C2PSA-LKA":[84,130],"reduce":[89],"computation":[90],"enhance":[92],"feature":[93,105],"extraction,":[94],"improves":[96],"ability":[98],"detect":[100,117],"targets.":[102],"Finally,":[103],"enhancement":[106],"gating":[107],"(FEGM)":[109],"refine":[113],"multi-scale":[114],"densely":[118],"object.":[119],"ablation":[121],"experiments":[122,136],"validate":[123],"effectiveness":[125],"C3k2-WT,":[128],"SPPF-LSKA,":[129],"FEGM":[132],"modules.":[133],"comparison":[135],"URPC":[139],"dataset":[140],"show":[141],"that":[142],"AP<inf":[144],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[145],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">50</inf>":[146],"(76.1%)":[151],"higher":[153],"than":[154],"original":[156],"(71.7%).":[158]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
