{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414604575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qrs65678.2025.00064","title":"DiFuzzNMT: A Differential Fuzzing Framework for Neural Machine Translation","display_name":"DiFuzzNMT: A Differential Fuzzing Framework for Neural Machine Translation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414604575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qrs65678.2025.00064"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/qrs65678.2025.00064","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qrs65678.2025.00064","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 25th International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security (QRS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406221","display_name":"Haibo Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115592961","display_name":"Jiangsu University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jc41j30","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang,China,212013"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang,China,212013","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063671391","display_name":"Jinfu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3124-5452"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115592961","display_name":"Jiangsu University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jc41j30","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinfu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang,China,212013"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang,China,212013","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090272207","display_name":"Saihua Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0743-1156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115592961","display_name":"Jiangsu University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jc41j30","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saihua Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang,China,212013"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang,China,212013","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006922887","display_name":"Shengran Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115592961","display_name":"Jiangsu University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jc41j30","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengran Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang,China,212013"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang,China,212013","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100350605","display_name":"Jingyi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2668-6592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115592961","display_name":"Jiangsu University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jc41j30","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang,China,212013"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang,China,212013","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1218228,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"588","last_page":"599"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzz-testing","display_name":"Fuzz testing","score":0.8407999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.7355999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.6495000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.522599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.4489000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4081999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.3903000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.3702999949455261}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.8407999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8210999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.7355999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.6495000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5306000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.522599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.4489000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4388999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4081999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.3903000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3702999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.364300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135784402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6958279","display_name":"Evaluation of machine translation","level":5,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130597682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6961922","display_name":"Transfer-based machine translation","level":4,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/qrs65678.2025.00064","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qrs65678.2025.00064","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 25th International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security (QRS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5606633337","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021M691310","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6747370699","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20220515","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8125053203","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172194,62202206,U1836116","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327794","display_name":"Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Province of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2324595780","https://openalex.org/W2979544394","https://openalex.org/W3019166713","https://openalex.org/W3045885009","https://openalex.org/W3100869665","https://openalex.org/W3155609600","https://openalex.org/W3156636935","https://openalex.org/W3163644064","https://openalex.org/W3198189804","https://openalex.org/W3199980055","https://openalex.org/W3200388885","https://openalex.org/W3209572141","https://openalex.org/W4205586222","https://openalex.org/W4284675318","https://openalex.org/W4284682446","https://openalex.org/W4285674030","https://openalex.org/W4313563529","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4387623715","https://openalex.org/W4390722253","https://openalex.org/W4400190921"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neural":[0],"machine":[1],"translation":[2,16,159,187,230,253],"(NMT)":[3],"systems":[4,19,68,82],"have":[5],"been":[6],"widely":[7,200],"deployed":[8],"in":[9,30],"real-world":[10],"applications.":[11],"However,":[12],"despite":[13],"the":[14,84,92,108,121,153,164,191,239,243,248],"great":[15],"performance,":[17],"these":[18],"inevitably":[20],"face":[21],"robustness":[22],"issues":[23],"and":[24,32,116,179,206,234],"sometimes":[25],"produce":[26,61],"erroneous":[27],"outputs,":[28,111],"particularly":[29],"complex":[31],"ambiguous":[33],"scenarios.":[34],"In":[35],"this":[36],"work,":[37],"we":[38,99,195],"propose":[39],"a":[40,53,137,210],"Fuzzing":[41],"framework":[42],"with":[43],"Differential":[44],"Testing":[45],"for":[46,69,83],"NMT":[47,67,81,173,202],"systems,":[48],"namely,":[49],"DiFuzzNMT.":[50],"DiFuzzNMT":[51,73,183,227],"employs":[52],"heuristic":[54],"strategy":[55],"to":[56,131,251],"continuously":[57],"search":[58],"inputs":[59,123,129,141],"that":[60,104,226,242],"greater":[62,236],"output":[63],"differences":[64,109,115,170],"across":[65,171,218],"various":[66],"error":[70,160],"detection.":[71],"Specifically,":[72],"establishes":[74],"token":[75,117],"mappings":[76],"between":[77,110],"outputs":[78],"of":[79,97,193,214],"different":[80,172],"same":[85,165],"input":[86,94,167],"through":[87],"word":[88,113],"alignment.":[89],"To":[90,189],"guide":[91],"test":[93,122,166,181],"generation":[95],"process":[96],"fuzzing,":[98],"design":[100],"specific":[101],"testing":[102,144,245],"guidance":[103,145,246],"takes":[105],"into":[106],"account":[107],"including":[112],"alignment":[114],"semantic":[118],"differences.":[119],"All":[120],"are":[124,147,155],"generated":[125],"based":[126],"on":[127,198],"\u201cseed\u201d":[128],"(inputs":[130],"generate":[132],"new":[133,150],"inputs)":[134],"by":[135],"applying":[136],"mutation":[138],"operator.":[139],"Test":[140],"exhibiting":[142],"higher":[143],"values":[146],"selected":[148],"as":[149],"seeds,":[151],"while":[152],"others":[154],"discarded.":[156],"A":[157],"potential":[158],"is":[161],"reported":[162],"when":[163],"exhibits":[168,235],"significant":[169],"systems.":[174],"By":[175],"iteratively":[176],"retaining":[177],"seeds":[178],"generating":[180],"inputs,":[182],"can":[184],"effectively":[185],"detect":[186,252],"errors.":[188,254],"evaluate":[190],"effectiveness":[192],"DiFuzzNMT,":[194],"conduct":[196],"experiments":[197],"two":[199],"used":[201],"APIs":[203],"(Baidu":[204],"Translate":[205],"Tencent":[207],"Translate),":[208],"using":[209],"publicly":[211],"available":[212],"dataset":[213],"800":[215],"original":[216],"sentences":[217],"8":[219],"thematic":[220],"categories.":[221],"The":[222],"experimental":[223],"results":[224,240],"show":[225,241],"detects":[228],"more":[229],"errors":[231],"than":[232],"baselines":[233],"diversity.":[237],"Furthermore,":[238],"proposed":[244],"improves":[247],"method's":[249],"ability":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}