{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415744077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qrs-c65679.2025.00049","title":"PF4SAFE: Problem Frames extension for Safety Analysis based on FBN Evaluation","display_name":"PF4SAFE: Problem Frames extension for Safety Analysis based on FBN Evaluation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415744077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qrs-c65679.2025.00049"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/qrs-c65679.2025.00049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qrs-c65679.2025.00049","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 25th International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability, and Security Companion (QRS-C)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100361516","display_name":"Liyuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7585-5607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liyuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Normal University,Guilin,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Normal University,Guilin,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100513013","display_name":"Hongbin Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbin Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Normal University,Guilin,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Normal University,Guilin,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390308","display_name":"Wenhao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9216-5325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Normal University,Guilin,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Normal University,Guilin,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100382229","display_name":"Zhi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7071-2976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Normal University,Guilin,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Normal University,Guilin,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031169902","display_name":"Changjin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3171-9053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121958","display_name":"Association of Southeast Asian Nations","ror":"https://ror.org/02wp9c512","country_code":"ID","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121958"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changjin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["China-ASEAN Information Harbor Co., Ltd,Nanning,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China-ASEAN Information Harbor Co., Ltd,Nanning,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121958"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100361516"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38329513,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"333","last_page":"342"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.8335000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.8335000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10809","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety Research","score":0.03310000151395798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3614","display_name":"Radiological and Ultrasound Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.02290000021457672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6926000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-safety","display_name":"System safety","score":0.5271999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-network","display_name":"Bayesian network","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.460099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.4352000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safety-engineering","display_name":"Safety engineering","score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tree-analysis","display_name":"Fault tree analysis","score":0.3894999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.3813000023365021}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6926000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.560699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132835097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663745","display_name":"System safety","level":2,"score":0.5271999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33724603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812540","display_name":"Bayesian network","level":2,"score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4666999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.460099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.4352000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94279714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6496962","display_name":"Safety engineering","level":2,"score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107094494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428453","display_name":"Fault tree analysis","level":2,"score":0.3894999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.383899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.3813000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6604083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376937","display_name":"Requirements engineering","level":3,"score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59488412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187147","display_name":"Requirements analysis","level":3,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73722673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082833","display_name":"Probabilistic risk assessment","level":3,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173577280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q530038","display_name":"Requirements management","level":4,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/qrs-c65679.2025.00049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qrs-c65679.2025.00049","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 25th International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability, and Security Companion (QRS-C)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1563726162","https://openalex.org/W2030409560","https://openalex.org/W2086668606","https://openalex.org/W2128535823","https://openalex.org/W2134907573","https://openalex.org/W2158572645","https://openalex.org/W2353267094","https://openalex.org/W2789368351","https://openalex.org/W2800621402","https://openalex.org/W2888813891","https://openalex.org/W2990478848","https://openalex.org/W3090172836","https://openalex.org/W3177558064","https://openalex.org/W4213328935","https://openalex.org/W4281554702","https://openalex.org/W4362580921","https://openalex.org/W4379194113","https://openalex.org/W4387123605","https://openalex.org/W4387123809","https://openalex.org/W4392446008","https://openalex.org/W4399203760","https://openalex.org/W4399454468","https://openalex.org/W4403793655"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Safety":[0],"requirements":[1,22,36,45,90,122,170],"are":[2,14,23],"essential":[3,214],"in":[4,17,43,83,94,123,236],"Requirements":[5],"Engineering.":[6],"However,":[7],"due":[8],"to":[9,26,71,164,174,189,199],"the":[10,144,166,183],"fact":[11],"that":[12,160],"they":[13],"often":[15],"represented":[16],"an":[18,109,147,156],"abstract":[19,53,206],"form,":[20],"safety":[21,44,54,68,80,86,121,169,195,201,207,234],"usually":[24],"difficult":[25],"accurately":[27],"analyse":[28],"and":[29,51,88,134,193,222,227,232],"express.":[30],"Problem":[31],"Frames":[32],"(PF),":[33],"a":[34,224],"well-known":[35],"engineering":[37],"approach,":[38],"can":[39],"demonstrate":[40],"its":[41],"advantage":[42],"analysis":[46,77],"by":[47,219],"identifying":[48],"problem":[49],"boundaries":[50],"concretising":[52],"requirements.":[55,202],"Although":[56],"PF":[57,114,198],"has":[58],"advantages,":[59],"it":[60],"relies":[61],"heavily":[62],"on":[63,113,146],"analysts\u2019":[64],"personal":[65],"experience":[66],"for":[67,78,100,115,139,230],"modeling,":[69],"leading":[70],"two":[72],"main":[73,177],"issues:":[74],"firstly,":[75],"incomplete":[76],"unfamiliar":[79],"problems":[81,208],"results":[82],"missing":[84,217],"important":[85],"requirements;":[87],"secondly,":[89],"analysts":[91],"have":[92],"difficulty":[93],"making":[95],"objective":[96,226],"probabilistic":[97,140,187],"assessments":[98],"even":[99],"familiar":[101],"problems.":[102],"To":[103],"address":[104],"these":[105],"challenges,":[106],"we":[107],"propose":[108],"improved":[110],"approach":[111,127,145,204],"based":[112],"more":[116,225],"accurate":[117,231],"quantitative":[118],"modeling":[119],"of":[120,155,168,179,185],"complex":[124,237],"systems.":[125,238],"This":[126,203],"integrates":[128],"five":[129],"large":[130],"language":[131],"models":[132],"(LLMs)":[133],"Fuzzy":[135],"Bayesian":[136],"Network":[137],"(FBN)":[138],"predictions.":[141],"We":[142],"verified":[143],"example":[148],"problem,":[149],"i.e.,":[150],"composite":[151],"wing":[152],"panel":[153],"fault":[154],"aircraft.":[157],"Results":[158],"indicate":[159],"PF4SAFE":[161],"was":[162],"able":[163],"increase":[165],"percentage":[167],"modeled":[171],"from":[172,216],"20%":[173],"50%.":[175],"The":[176],"contribution":[178],"this":[180],"study":[181],"is":[182],"use":[184],"FBN":[186],"reasoning":[188],"predict":[190],"event":[191],"probabilities":[192],"integrate":[194],"factors":[196],"into":[197,209],"enrich":[200],"converts":[205],"specific":[210],"functional":[211],"requirements,":[212],"prevents":[213],"functionalities":[215],"caused":[218],"insufficient":[220],"details,":[221],"provides":[223],"comprehensive":[228],"perspective":[229],"reliable":[233],"modelling":[235]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-31T00:00:00"}