{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416874489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.10468","title":"How Many Qubits Does a Machine Learning Problem Require?","display_name":"How Many Qubits Does a Machine Learning Problem Require?","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416874489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.10468"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/qce65121.2025.10468","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.10468","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083972786","display_name":"Sydney Leither","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9636-1910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203114411","display_name":"American Board of Emergency Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02xh63p53","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203114411"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sydney Leither","raw_affiliation_strings":["oherent Computing Inc,East Lansing,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"oherent Computing Inc,East Lansing,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203114411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006377909","display_name":"Michael Kubal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I863488634","display_name":"Coherent (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/031tysd23","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I863488634"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Kubal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Coherent Computing Inc,Chicago,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coherent Computing Inc,Chicago,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863488634"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108133835","display_name":"Sonika Johri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I863488634","display_name":"Coherent (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/031tysd23","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I863488634"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sonika Johri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Coherent Computing Inc,Cupertino,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coherent Computing Inc,Cupertino,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I863488634"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17868351,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"606","last_page":"607"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9422000050544739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9422000050544739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11804","display_name":"Quantum many-body systems","score":0.010499999858438969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.007699999958276749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qubit","display_name":"Qubit","score":0.8701000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.6366000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.5590999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4896000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.48260000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.46619999408721924}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.8701000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.6366000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6065999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.5590999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4927999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4896000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48260000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.46619999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4343000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.36329999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779094486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18811578","display_name":"Quantum machine learning","level":4,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90329073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914232","display_name":"Ask price","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.27790001034736633}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/qce65121.2025.10468","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.10468","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.20992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2508.20992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2132862423","https://openalex.org/W4410344559"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"machine":[1],"learning":[2,9],"(QML)":[3],"promises":[4],"computational":[5],"advantages":[6],"for":[7,155,202,210],"complex":[8,186],"tasks,":[10],"but":[11],"identifying":[12],"which":[13,35,61],"datasets":[14,149,170],"stand":[15],"to":[16,37,71,88,102,173],"benefit":[17,89],"remains":[18],"an":[19],"open":[20],"question.":[21],"The":[22],"recently":[23],"proposed":[24],"bit-bit":[25,45,100],"encoding":[26,101],"scheme":[27],"encodes":[28],"both":[29,109],"inputs":[30],"and":[31,51,111,129,193,204],"outputs":[32],"as":[33,93,190],"bitstrings,":[34],"leads":[36],"quantum":[38,91,211],"models":[39],"that":[40,77,146,165,195],"are":[41,86,95,171],"universal":[42],"approximators.":[43],"Under":[44],"encoding,":[46],"the":[47,57,63,66,125],"number":[48,58,67,126],"of":[49,59,65,68,127,159],"input":[50],"output":[52],"pairs":[53],"increases":[54],"exponentially":[55],"with":[56,81,124],"qubits,":[60],"allows":[62],"calculation":[64],"qubits":[69,85,152,201],"required":[70],"fully":[72],"represent":[73],"a":[74,104],"dataset.":[75],"Datasets":[76],"can":[78],"be":[79,207],"covered":[80],"fewer":[82,154],"than":[83,199],"50":[84,200],"unlikely":[87,172],"from":[90,177],"advantage,":[92],"they":[94],"classically":[96],"simulable.":[97],"We":[98,144],"use":[99],"perform":[103],"resource":[105],"estimation":[106],"study":[107],"on":[108],"synthetic":[110,116],"real-world":[112],"classification":[113,169],"datasets.":[114],"On":[115,131],"data,":[117],"we":[118,134,182],"analyze":[119],"how":[120],"qubit":[121,136],"requirements":[122,137],"scale":[123],"features":[128],"samples.":[130],"real":[132],"datasets,":[133],"compare":[135],"across":[138],"different":[139],"classical":[140],"dimensionality":[141,160],"reduction":[142,161],"schemes.":[143],"find":[145],"all":[147],"tested":[148],"require":[150,197],"49":[151],"or":[153],"full":[156],"coverage,":[157],"regardless":[158],"method.":[162],"This":[163],"suggests":[164],"standard,":[166],"medium-sized,":[167],"single-label":[168],"see":[174],"performance":[175],"gains":[176],"QML.":[178],"In":[179],"future":[180],"work,":[181],"will":[183],"explore":[184],"more":[185,198],"data":[187],"types,":[188],"such":[189],"multi-label,":[191],"sequential,":[192],"regression,":[194],"may":[196],"coverage":[203],"could":[205],"therefore":[206],"promising":[208],"candidates":[209],"advantage.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-12-01T00:00:00"}