{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416875172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.10308","title":"SDN-Based Entanglement Routing Strategy in Smart Power Grids Using Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"SDN-Based Entanglement Routing Strategy in Smart Power Grids Using Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416875172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.10308"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/qce65121.2025.10308","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.10308","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093478164","display_name":"Nicholas Skjellum","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63920570","display_name":"Tennessee Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/05drmrq39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63920570"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Skjellum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tennessee Technological University,Cybersecurity Education Research Outreach Center (CEROC),Department of Computer Science,Cookeville,TN,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tennessee Technological University,Cybersecurity Education Research Outreach Center (CEROC),Department of Computer Science,Cookeville,TN,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63920570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074489666","display_name":"Mohamed Shaban","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4368-8269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63920570","display_name":"Tennessee Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/05drmrq39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63920570"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Shaban","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tennessee Technological University,Cybersecurity Education Research Outreach Center (CEROC),Department of Computer Science,Cookeville,TN,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tennessee Technological University,Cybersecurity Education Research Outreach Center (CEROC),Department of Computer Science,Cookeville,TN,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63920570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032475663","display_name":"Muhammad Ismail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8185-0511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63920570","display_name":"Tennessee Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/05drmrq39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63920570"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ismail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tennessee Technological University,Cybersecurity Education Research Outreach Center (CEROC),Department of Computer Science,Cookeville,TN,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tennessee Technological University,Cybersecurity Education Research Outreach Center (CEROC),Department of Computer Science,Cookeville,TN,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63920570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63920570"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44071763,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"133","last_page":"138"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.2815999984741211,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.2815999984741211,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.12250000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.11829999834299088,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-entanglement","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5566999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.5217999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5148000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.38920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.38499999046325684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6535999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5566999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.5217999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5148000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5022000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4422999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.38920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.3797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.3472000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10597312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5473302","display_name":"Forwarding plane","level":3,"score":0.3425000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104434177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Photon entanglement","level":4,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15706264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230883","display_name":"Quantum state","level":3,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184896649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290066","display_name":"Routing table","level":4,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.2662999927997589}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/qce65121.2025.10308","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.10308","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1390240897","display_name":"Collaborative Research: SHIELD: Strategic Holistic Framework for Intrusion Prevention Using Multi-modal Data in Power Systems","funder_award_id":"2220346","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007111180","https://openalex.org/W2911804888","https://openalex.org/W2963136924","https://openalex.org/W2974804356","https://openalex.org/W3046112684","https://openalex.org/W4210886005","https://openalex.org/W4285506188","https://openalex.org/W4297796831","https://openalex.org/W4308758488","https://openalex.org/W4312321341","https://openalex.org/W4361760691","https://openalex.org/W4388240450","https://openalex.org/W4389987461","https://openalex.org/W4392979926","https://openalex.org/W4402626662","https://openalex.org/W4404914494","https://openalex.org/W4406793971"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Entanglement":[0],"distribution":[1,99,183,208],"in":[2,16,55,66,205],"power":[3,191],"grids":[4],"can":[5],"enable":[6],"distributed":[7],"quantum":[8,12,138],"sensing":[9],"and":[10,64,134,152,158],"entanglement-based":[11],"key":[13],"distribution,":[14],"resulting":[15],"improved":[17],"fault":[18],"detection,":[19],"real":[20],"time":[21,58],"diagnostics,":[22],"provable":[23],"security,":[24],"etc.":[25],"To":[26,78,103],"distribute":[27],"entanglements":[28],"between":[29,44],"remote":[30],"endpoints,":[31],"intermediate":[32],"nodes":[33],"also":[34],"contribute":[35],"by":[36],"performing":[37],"entanglement":[38,76,92,121,182,207],"swapping":[39],"to":[40,60,89,178],"establish":[41],"entangled":[42,83],"states":[43],"these":[45],"endpoints.":[46],"In":[47],"a":[48,85,109,168,200],"power-grid":[49],"network,":[50],"existing":[51],"routes":[52,93],"may":[53],"vary":[54],"performance":[56],"over":[57],"due":[59],"unexpected":[61],"traffic":[62],"loads":[63],"changes":[65],"link":[67,153],"quality.":[68],"These":[69],"conditions":[70,154],"threaten":[71],"the":[72,80,116,124,137,174,188],"throughput":[73,81,159],"of":[74,82,136],"network-wide":[75],"distribution.":[77],"maintain":[79],"states,":[84],"quantum-enabled":[86],"network":[87,164],"needs":[88],"select":[90],"ideal":[91],"with":[94],"high":[95],"success":[96,203],"rates":[97],"for":[98,120,128],"while":[100],"minimizing":[101],"latency.":[102],"achieve":[104],"this":[105,162],"goal,":[106],"we":[107,166],"propose":[108],"software-defined":[110],"networking":[111],"(SDN)":[112],"architecture":[113],"that":[114,194],"separates":[115],"data":[117],"plane":[118,126,142,177],"(responsible":[119,127],"distribution)":[122],"from":[123],"control":[125,135,141,176],"route":[129],"selection),":[130],"enabling":[131],"centralized":[132],"monitoring":[133],"network.":[139],"The":[140],"collects":[143],"real-time":[144],"metrics,":[145],"including":[146],"node":[147],"resources":[148],"(e.g.,":[149,155],"available":[150],"qubits)":[151],"noise":[156],"levels":[157],"rates).":[160],"Leveraging":[161],"global":[163],"view,":[165],"implement":[167],"reinforcement":[169],"learning":[170],"(RL)":[171],"agent":[172],"within":[173],"SDN":[175],"dynamically":[179],"identify":[180],"optimal":[181],"paths.":[184],"Simulation":[185],"results":[186],"on":[187],"IEEE-14":[189],"bus":[190],"grid":[192],"demonstrate":[193],"our":[195],"RL-based":[196],"routing":[197],"strategy":[198],"achieved":[199],"100":[201],"%":[202],"rate":[204],"fulfilling":[206],"requests.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-12-01T00:00:00"}