{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416067327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.10306","title":"From Classical Data to Quantum Advantage \u2013 Quantum Policy Evaluation on Quantum Hardware","display_name":"From Classical Data to Quantum Advantage \u2013 Quantum Policy Evaluation on Quantum Hardware","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416067327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.10306"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/qce65121.2025.10306","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.10306","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.07614","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003471349","display_name":"Daniel Hein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325886976","display_name":"Siemens (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Hein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens AG"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens AG","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013534474","display_name":"Simon Wiedemann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5144-3758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Wiedemann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120324750","display_name":"Markus Baumann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Baumann","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120324751","display_name":"Patrik Felbinger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrik Felbinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Justin Klein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120324752","display_name":"Maximilian Schieder","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maximilian Schieder","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028010997","display_name":"Jonas Stein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5727-9151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Stein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051382645","display_name":"Dani\u00eblle Schuman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0069-5517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dani\u00eblle Schuman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103083513","display_name":"Thomas Cope","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4571-2872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099560","display_name":"IQM (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/0107a5128","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099560"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Cope","raw_affiliation_strings":["IQM Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IQM Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099560"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035246650","display_name":"Steffen Udluft","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5767-2591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325886976","display_name":"Siemens (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steffen Udluft","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens AG"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens AG","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17374747,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"121","last_page":"126"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9484999775886536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9484999775886536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.01889999955892563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11804","display_name":"Quantum many-body systems","score":0.0052999998442828655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5418000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-algorithm","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","score":0.5335000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-error-correction","display_name":"Quantum error correction","score":0.4675999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-phase-estimation-algorithm","display_name":"Quantum phase estimation algorithm","score":0.4471000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-technology","display_name":"Quantum technology","score":0.42089998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-machine-learning","display_name":"Quantum machine learning","score":0.39480000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-quantum-system","display_name":"Open quantum system","score":0.3831999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-operation","display_name":"Quantum operation","score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-sort","display_name":"Quantum sort","score":0.3643999993801117}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5710999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5418000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.5335000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51003876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1536431","display_name":"Quantum error correction","level":4,"score":0.4675999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192122513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835770","display_name":"Quantum phase estimation algorithm","level":5,"score":0.4471000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190463098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081419","display_name":"Quantum technology","level":4,"score":0.42089998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779094486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18811578","display_name":"Quantum machine learning","level":4,"score":0.39480000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190474826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495111","display_name":"Open quantum system","level":3,"score":0.3831999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43682372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269080","display_name":"Quantum operation","level":4,"score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62641251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269097","display_name":"Quantum sort","level":5,"score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89143813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105423","display_name":"Quantum sensor","level":5,"score":0.35510000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11255438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269085","display_name":"Quantum process","level":4,"score":0.3528999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781089630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21856745","display_name":"Realization (probability)","level":2,"score":0.3517000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58849907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2118982","display_name":"Quantum gate","level":4,"score":0.3296000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15706264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230883","display_name":"Quantum state","level":3,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191608238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249552","display_name":"Decoherence-free subspaces","level":5,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90408235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938141","display_name":"Quantum annealing","level":4,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95013731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269071","display_name":"Quantum metrology","level":5,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124148022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122210","display_name":"Quantum circuit","level":5,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59500034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464944","display_name":"Quantum Fourier transform","level":5,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41241483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269015","display_name":"Quantum capacity","level":5,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179957908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907206","display_name":"POVM","level":5,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194975256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269039","display_name":"Quantum dissipation","level":3,"score":0.2581999897956848}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/qce65121.2025.10306","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.10306","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.07614","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.07614","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.07614","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.07614","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.07614","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.07614","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"policy":[1,114],"evaluation":[2],"(QPE)":[3],"is":[4,11,106],"a":[5,26,32,72,88],"reinforcement":[6],"learning":[7,97],"(RL)":[8],"algorithm":[9],"which":[10,38],"quadratically":[12],"more":[13],"efficient":[14],"than":[15],"an":[16,68],"analogous":[17],"classical":[18,91],"Monte":[19],"Carlo":[20],"estimation.":[21],"It":[22],"makes":[23],"use":[24],"of":[25,31,90,134],"direct":[27],"quantum":[28,59,73,95,100,104,117,143],"mechanical":[29],"realization":[30],"finite":[33],"Markov":[34],"decision":[35],"process,":[36],"in":[37,55,109,145],"the":[39,42,58,132],"agent":[40],"and":[41,49,53,64,128,136],"environment":[43,60,82,105],"are":[44],"modeled":[45],"by":[46],"unitary":[47],"operators":[48],"exchange":[50],"states,":[51],"actions,":[52],"rewards":[54],"superposition.":[56],"Previously,":[57],"has":[61],"been":[62],"implemented":[63],"parametrized":[65],"manually":[66],"for":[67,141],"illustrative":[69],"benchmark":[70],"using":[71],"simulator.":[74],"In":[75],"this":[76],"paper,":[77],"we":[78],"demonstrate":[79],"how":[80],"these":[81],"parameters":[83],"can":[84],"be":[85],"learned":[86,103],"from":[87],"batch":[89],"observational":[92],"data":[93],"through":[94],"machine":[96],"(QML)":[98],"on":[99,116],"hardware.":[101,118],"The":[102],"then":[107],"applied":[108],"QPE":[110,137],"to":[111],"also":[112],"compute":[113],"evaluations":[115],"Our":[119],"experiments":[120],"reveal":[121],"that,":[122],"despite":[123],"challenges":[124],"such":[125],"as":[126],"noise":[127],"short":[129],"coherence":[130],"times,":[131],"integration":[133],"QML":[135],"shows":[138],"promising":[139],"potential":[140],"achieving":[142],"advantage":[144],"RL.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}