{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416874713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.10287","title":"Comparing Performance of Variational Quantum Algorithm Simulations on HPC Systems","display_name":"Comparing Performance of Variational Quantum Algorithm Simulations on HPC Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416874713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.10287"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/qce65121.2025.10287","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.10287","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011078452","display_name":"Marco De Pascale","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7854-7271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163716","display_name":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05558nw16","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109144446","https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco de Pascale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (LRZ),Garching b. M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (LRZ),Garching b. M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057124786","display_name":"Tobias Valentin Bauer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163716","display_name":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05558nw16","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109144446","https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Valentin Bauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (LRZ),Garching b. M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (LRZ),Garching b. M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102897746","display_name":"Yaknan John Gambo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9198-2406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163716","display_name":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05558nw16","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109144446","https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaknan John Gambo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (LRZ),Garching b. M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (LRZ),Garching b. M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067730355","display_name":"Mario Hern\u00e1ndez Vera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-6501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163716","display_name":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05558nw16","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109144446","https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Hern\u00e1ndez Vera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (LRZ),Garching b. M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (LRZ),Garching b. M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032047206","display_name":"Stefan Huber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8871-5814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163716","display_name":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05558nw16","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109144446","https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Huber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (LRZ),Garching b. M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (LRZ),Garching b. M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112895234","display_name":"Burak Mete","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8896-6691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163716","display_name":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05558nw16","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109144446","https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Burak Mete","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (LRZ),Garching b. M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (LRZ),Garching b. M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023524371","display_name":"Amit Jamadagni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163716","display_name":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05558nw16","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109144446","https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Jamadagni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (LRZ),Garching b. M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (LRZ),Garching b. M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091921099","display_name":"Amine Bentellis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127444","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Cognitive Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02fez3815","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127444","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amine Bentellis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Cognitive Systems IKS,M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Cognitive Systems IKS,M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086222963","display_name":"Marita Oliv","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127444","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Cognitive Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02fez3815","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127444","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marita Oliv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Cognitive Systems IKS,M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Cognitive Systems IKS,M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030838585","display_name":"Luigi Iapichino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3938-8973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163716","display_name":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05558nw16","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109144446","https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi Iapichino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (LRZ),Garching b. M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities (LRZ),Garching b. M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113763108","display_name":"J. Lorenz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6530-1873"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127444","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Cognitive Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02fez3815","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127444","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeanette Miriam Lorenz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Cognitive Systems IKS,M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Cognitive Systems IKS,M&#x00FC;nchen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17879156,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"21","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toolchain","display_name":"Toolchain","score":0.8580999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6266000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5295000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.49470001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.47839999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-algorithm","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","score":0.42149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.37299999594688416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777062904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545406","display_name":"Toolchain","level":3,"score":0.8580999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7587000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6266000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.558899998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5295000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.49470001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.47839999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.42149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130787639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5645293","display_name":"Hamiltonian (control theory)","level":2,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201410400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064412","display_name":"Multithreading","level":3,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106881136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275393","display_name":"Casimir effect","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177179195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268372","display_name":"Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization","level":4,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161166931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269096","display_name":"Quantum simulator","level":4,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192061203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765620","display_name":"Quantum Turing machine","level":5,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58849907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2118982","display_name":"Quantum gate","level":4,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83283714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121117","display_name":"Supercomputer","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/qce65121.2025.10287","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.10287","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/502627","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/502627","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982825626","https://openalex.org/W1988888548","https://openalex.org/W2161685427","https://openalex.org/W2162725047","https://openalex.org/W2754868542","https://openalex.org/W2789114820","https://openalex.org/W2800906530","https://openalex.org/W2990961515","https://openalex.org/W3003732914","https://openalex.org/W3111162498","https://openalex.org/W3199996056","https://openalex.org/W4206745400","https://openalex.org/W4214951473","https://openalex.org/W4313534976","https://openalex.org/W4389158879","https://openalex.org/W4389162663","https://openalex.org/W4404717570","https://openalex.org/W4406157722"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Variational":[0],"quantum":[1,11,89],"algorithms":[2,31,147],"are":[3,148],"of":[4,15,29,41,64,69,97,107,115,183,196,198],"special":[5],"importance":[6],"in":[7,67,150],"the":[8,39,65,105,110,113,116,120,123,143,154,184,188],"research":[9],"on":[10,94,109],"computing":[12],"applications":[13],"because":[14],"their":[16,151,160],"applicability":[17],"to":[18,54,74,87,103,159,168],"current":[19,88],"Noisy":[20],"Intermediate-Scale":[21],"Quantum":[22],"(NISQ)":[23],"devices.":[24],"The":[25,127,181],"main":[26],"building":[27],"blocks":[28],"these":[30],"define":[32],"a":[33,61,77,95,136],"relatively":[34],"large":[35],"parameter":[36],"space,":[37],"making":[38],"comparison":[40],"results":[42,128,197],"and":[43,48,52,72,100,119,194],"performance":[44,108,193],"between":[45,122,139],"different":[46,81,140],"approaches":[47],"software":[49,101],"simulators":[50,102],"cumbersome":[51],"prone":[53],"errors.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57],"paper,":[58],"we":[59],"employ":[60],"generic":[62],"description":[63],"problem,":[66],"terms":[68],"both":[70],"Hamiltonian":[71],"ansatz,":[73],"consistently":[75],"port":[76],"problem":[78,137],"definition":[79,138],"across":[80],"simulators.":[82,141],"A":[83],"use":[84],"case":[85],"relevant":[86],"hardware":[90],"has":[91],"been":[92],"run":[93],"set":[96],"HPC":[98,192],"systems":[99],"study":[104],"dependence":[106],"runtime":[111],"environment,":[112],"scalability":[114],"simulation":[117],"codes,":[118],"agreement":[121],"physical":[124],"results,":[125],"respectively.":[126],"show":[129],"that":[130],"our":[131],"toolchain":[132,189],"can":[133],"successfully":[134],"translate":[135],"On":[142],"other":[144],"hand,":[145],"variational":[146,199],"limited":[149,166],"scaling":[152],"by":[153,175],"long":[155],"runtimes":[156],"with":[157],"respect":[158],"memory":[161],"footprint,":[162],"so":[163],"they":[164],"expose":[165],"parallelism":[167],"computation.":[169],"This":[170],"shortcoming":[171],"is":[172,202],"partially":[173],"mitigated":[174],"using":[176],"techniques":[177],"like":[178],"job":[179],"arrays.":[180],"potential":[182],"parser":[185],"tool":[186],"within":[187],"for":[190],"exploring":[191],"comparisons":[195],"algorithm":[200],"simulations":[201],"highlighted.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-12-01T00:00:00"}
