{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416874812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.00270","title":"Disparity Surface Code: Optimizing Error Correction in Quantum Networks","display_name":"Disparity Surface Code: Optimizing Error Correction in Quantum Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416874812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.00270"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/qce65121.2025.00270","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.00270","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072993455","display_name":"Tianjie Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6195-0050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16285277","display_name":"William & Mary","ror":"https://ror.org/03hsf0573","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I267592682","display_name":"Williams (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/007zhvp17","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianjie Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["William &#x0026; Mary,Department of Computer Science,Williamsburg,VA,USA,23185"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"William &#x0026; Mary,Department of Computer Science,Williamsburg,VA,USA,23185","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16285277","https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110917884","display_name":"Jindi Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16285277","display_name":"William & Mary","ror":"https://ror.org/03hsf0573","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I267592682","display_name":"Williams (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/007zhvp17","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jindi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["William &#x0026; Mary,Department of Computer Science,Williamsburg,VA,USA,23185"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"William &#x0026; Mary,Department of Computer Science,Williamsburg,VA,USA,23185","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16285277","https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100426168","display_name":"Qun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6666-6900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16285277","display_name":"William & Mary","ror":"https://ror.org/03hsf0573","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I267592682","display_name":"Williams (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/007zhvp17","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["William &#x0026; Mary,Department of Computer Science,Williamsburg,VA,USA,23185"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"William &#x0026; Mary,Department of Computer Science,Williamsburg,VA,USA,23185","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16285277","https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17887711,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2493","last_page":"2504"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.8648999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.8648999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.05920000001788139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.020400000736117363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qubit","display_name":"Qubit","score":0.7645000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-detection-and-correction","display_name":"Error detection and correction","score":0.5766000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-error-correction","display_name":"Quantum error correction","score":0.5418000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface","display_name":"Surface (topology)","score":0.5055000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.453900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.44679999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.41110000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.7645000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6154999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.5766000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51003876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1536431","display_name":"Quantum error correction","level":4,"score":0.5418000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5055000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4871000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.453900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.44679999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.41110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.3921999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.3885999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116672817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454986","display_name":"Physical system","level":2,"score":0.3562000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73150493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853922","display_name":"Hamming code","level":4,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/qce65121.2025.00270","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.00270","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1652805857","https://openalex.org/W1850344377","https://openalex.org/W1980073965","https://openalex.org/W1990828614","https://openalex.org/W1992958600","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W1999706070","https://openalex.org/W1999770545","https://openalex.org/W2030867075","https://openalex.org/W2045873381","https://openalex.org/W2060532199","https://openalex.org/W2088636071","https://openalex.org/W2110659753","https://openalex.org/W2114207424","https://openalex.org/W2118040894","https://openalex.org/W2119314900","https://openalex.org/W2131690084","https://openalex.org/W2132022337","https://openalex.org/W2135273380","https://openalex.org/W2138183898","https://openalex.org/W2153553676","https://openalex.org/W2159566537","https://openalex.org/W2164424155","https://openalex.org/W2254580066","https://openalex.org/W2609611609","https://openalex.org/W2892395081","https://openalex.org/W2896792097","https://openalex.org/W2897264299","https://openalex.org/W2950073260","https://openalex.org/W2963546261","https://openalex.org/W2963762946","https://openalex.org/W2990961515","https://openalex.org/W3084318570","https://openalex.org/W3159435673","https://openalex.org/W3161581056","https://openalex.org/W3205701968","https://openalex.org/W3217173135","https://openalex.org/W4321610982","https://openalex.org/W4383879098","https://openalex.org/W4387831895","https://openalex.org/W4389626312","https://openalex.org/W4401752065","https://openalex.org/W4401752360","https://openalex.org/W4401752616","https://openalex.org/W4401753373","https://openalex.org/W4401753462","https://openalex.org/W4405183524","https://openalex.org/W4406142494","https://openalex.org/W4406617380","https://openalex.org/W4408508940","https://openalex.org/W4412588932"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Practical":[0],"quantum":[1,35,99],"computing":[2],"requires":[3],"error":[4,38,69,122,148,153],"rates":[5,39],"much":[6],"lower":[7],"than":[8],"those":[9],"achievable":[10],"with":[11,120],"physical":[12,25,30,59,114,147],"qubits.":[13,26,136],"Surface":[14],"codes":[15,92,160],"provide":[16],"a":[17,62,85,102,141],"reliable":[18],"method":[19],"to":[20,43,117,145],"implement":[21],"logical":[22,68],"qubits":[23,31,60,115],"using":[24],"However,":[27],"when":[28],"these":[29,58,132],"are":[32,84],"transmitted":[33,119],"within":[34,61,98],"networks,":[36],"their":[37],"can":[40],"vary":[41],"due":[42],"differences":[44],"in":[45,164],"the":[46,54],"routing":[47],"paths.":[48],"Our":[49,173],"experimental":[50],"results":[51],"indicate":[52],"that":[53,93,157],"geometric":[55,88],"arrangement":[56],"of":[57,87],"surface":[63,81,91,108,159],"code":[64],"significantly":[65],"impacts":[66],"its":[67],"rate.":[70],"In":[71],"this":[72,76],"paper,":[73],"we":[74,125,138],"address":[75],"issue":[77],"by":[78],"proposing":[79],"disparity":[80,107,150,158],"codes,":[82],"which":[83],"group":[86],"configurations":[89],"for":[90,96,130,151],"adapt":[94],"them":[95],"transmission":[97],"networks.":[100],"For":[101],"distance-":[103],"<tex":[104,111,133],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[105,112,134],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$d$</tex>":[106,113,135],"code,":[109],"only":[110],"need":[116],"be":[118],"low":[121],"rates,":[123],"and":[124],"identify":[126],"multiple":[127],"equivalent":[128],"choices":[129],"selecting":[131],"Additionally,":[137],"propose":[139],"Di-MWPM,":[140],"new":[142],"decoder":[143,175],"designed":[144],"exploit":[146],"rate":[149],"enhanced":[152],"correction.":[154],"Results":[155],"demonstrate":[156],"maintain":[161],"favorable":[162],"performance":[163],"different":[165],"network":[166],"scenarios,":[167],"even":[168],"under":[169],"high":[170],"noise":[171],"conditions.":[172],"Di-MWPM":[174],"achieves":[176],"improved":[177],"Pauli-error":[178],"thresholds.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-12-01T00:00:00"}