{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416875280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.00147","title":"Towards Efficient Verification of Computation in Quantum Devices","display_name":"Towards Efficient Verification of Computation in Quantum Devices","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416875280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.00147"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/qce65121.2025.00147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.00147","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076320945","display_name":"Keren Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5559-0421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keren Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University,Shenzhen,China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5559-0421","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100318729","display_name":"Peng Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2930-7447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403928416","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications","ror":"https://ror.org/05t6hvr95","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403928416","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications,Beijing,China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2930-7447","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403928416"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043916557","display_name":"Hanru Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5965-1209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanru Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing,China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5965-1209","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088217238","display_name":"Nengkun Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1188-3032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nengkun Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stony Brook University,Department of Computer Science,Stony Brook,US"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1188-3032","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stony Brook University,Department of Computer Science,Stony Brook,US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1792463,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1319","last_page":"1330"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-circuit","display_name":"Quantum circuit","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-algorithm","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","score":0.5906000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qubit","display_name":"Qubit","score":0.5169000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.49729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-gate","display_name":"Quantum gate","score":0.46320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.44209998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.398499995470047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124148022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122210","display_name":"Quantum circuit","level":5,"score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7002000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.5906000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203087015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201","display_name":"Qubit","level":3,"score":0.5169000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.49729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.49720001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58849907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2118982","display_name":"Quantum gate","level":4,"score":0.46320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.46059998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.44209998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.398499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51003876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1536431","display_name":"Quantum error correction","level":4,"score":0.38940000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11255438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269085","display_name":"Quantum process","level":4,"score":0.38760000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.3765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.36800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190463098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081419","display_name":"Quantum technology","level":4,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.30959999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192122513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835770","display_name":"Quantum phase estimation algorithm","level":5,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176553487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7855819","display_name":"Turnaround time","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39927690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11197","display_name":"Logarithm","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C311688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393193","display_name":"Time complexity","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192061203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765620","display_name":"Quantum Turing machine","level":5,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/qce65121.2025.00147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/qce65121.2025.00147","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320967","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492999010","https://openalex.org/W1529624360","https://openalex.org/W1895284981","https://openalex.org/W1988369744","https://openalex.org/W2017293193","https://openalex.org/W2044747430","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2090368878","https://openalex.org/W2092831095","https://openalex.org/W2116102644","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2170620327","https://openalex.org/W2471819066","https://openalex.org/W2482126025","https://openalex.org/W2598232029","https://openalex.org/W2781738013","https://openalex.org/W2902654239","https://openalex.org/W2945916077","https://openalex.org/W2947902637","https://openalex.org/W2963956175","https://openalex.org/W2965325670","https://openalex.org/W2982169647","https://openalex.org/W2990961515","https://openalex.org/W3016555448","https://openalex.org/W3107463944","https://openalex.org/W3173899054","https://openalex.org/W3200273303","https://openalex.org/W3202952713","https://openalex.org/W3204951124","https://openalex.org/W4380627387"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Designing":[0],"quantum":[1,23,27,85,101,123,179,198,209],"processors":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,49,90,99,119,132,147],"complex":[5],"task":[6],"that":[7,103],"demands":[8],"advanced":[9],"verification":[10],"methods":[11,19,60],"to":[12,93,105],"ensure":[13],"their":[14],"correct":[15],"functionality.":[16],"However,":[17],"traditional":[18],"of":[20,34,75,122,135,149],"comprehensively":[21],"verifying":[22,176],"devices,":[24,180],"such":[25],"as":[26,48],"process":[28,106],"tomography,":[29],"face":[30],"significant":[31],"limitations":[32,42],"because":[33],"the":[35,46,65,73,78,82,129,160,186,206],"exponential":[36],"growth":[37],"in":[38,178,185,205],"computational":[39],"resources.":[40],"These":[41],"arise":[43],"from":[44],"treating":[45],"system":[47],"black":[50],"box":[51],"and":[52,88],"ignoring":[53],"its":[54,202],"design":[55,66],"structure.":[56,67],"Consequently,":[57],"new":[58],"testing":[59],"must":[61],"be":[62],"developed":[63],"considering":[64],"In":[68],"this":[69],"paper,":[70],"we":[71,190],"investigate":[72],"structure":[74],"computations":[76,177],"on":[77,81],"hardware,":[79],"focusing":[80],"layered":[83],"interruptible":[84],"circuit":[86,117,166],"model":[87],"designing":[89],"scalable":[91],"algorithm":[92,193],"verify":[94],"it":[95],"comprehensively.":[96],"Specifically,":[97],"for":[98,164,174],"given":[100],"hardware":[102],"claims":[104],"an":[107],"unknown":[108],"<tex":[109,113,136,152,156],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[110,114,137,153,157],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$n$</tex>":[111],"qubit":[112],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$d$</tex>":[115],"layer":[116],"via":[118],"finite":[120],"set":[121],"gates,":[124],"our":[125,192],"method":[126],"completely":[127,175],"reconstructs":[128],"circuits":[130],"within":[131],"time":[133,163,173],"complexity":[134],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$O\\left(d^{2}":[138],"t":[139],"\\log":[140],"(n":[141],"/":[142],"\\delta)\\right)$</tex>,":[143],"guaranteeing":[144],"success":[145],"with":[146],"probability":[148],"at":[150],"least":[151],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$1-\\delta$</tex>.":[154],"Here,":[155],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$t$</tex>":[158],"represents":[159],"maximum":[161],"execution":[162,172],"each":[165],"layer.":[167],"Our":[168],"approach":[169],"significantly":[170],"reduces":[171],"achieving":[181],"double":[182],"logarithmic":[183],"scaling":[184],"problem":[187],"size.":[188],"Furthermore,":[189],"validate":[191],"through":[194],"experiments":[195],"using":[196],"IBM's":[197],"cloud":[199],"service,":[200],"demonstrating":[201],"potential":[203],"applicability":[204],"noisy":[207],"intermediate-scale":[208],"era.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-12-01T00:00:00"}