{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416962860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst65910.2025.11268825","title":"Probing AlphaFold\u2019s Input Attack Surface via Red-Teaming","display_name":"Probing AlphaFold\u2019s Input Attack Surface via Red-Teaming","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416962860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst65910.2025.11268825"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pst65910.2025.11268825","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst65910.2025.11268825","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 22nd Annual International Conference on Privacy, Security, and Trust (PST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020691106","display_name":"Tia Pope","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0823-6070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35777872","display_name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02aze4h65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143979","display_name":"Systems Technology (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04cv8g472","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143979"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tia Pope","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina A&#x0026;T State University,Department of Computer Systems Technology,Greensboro,NC,27411"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina A&#x0026;T State University,Department of Computer Systems Technology,Greensboro,NC,27411","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872","https://openalex.org/I4210143979"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004529123","display_name":"Ahmad Patooghy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2647-2797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35777872","display_name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02aze4h65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143979","display_name":"Systems Technology (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04cv8g472","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143979"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Patooghy","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina A&#x0026;T State University,Department of Computer Systems Technology,Greensboro,NC,27411"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina A&#x0026;T State University,Department of Computer Systems Technology,Greensboro,NC,27411","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872","https://openalex.org/I4210143979"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020691106"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872","https://openalex.org/I4210143979"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6759,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76012001,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.14949999749660492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.14949999749660492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.121799997985363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11986","display_name":"Scientific Computing and Data Management","score":0.09200000017881393,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.809499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.6717000007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.49070000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.48170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attack-surface","display_name":"Attack surface","score":0.4449000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.43970000743865967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.809499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6894999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.6717000007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.49070000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.48170000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776576444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303569","display_name":"Attack surface","level":2,"score":0.4449000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.43970000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.4131999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.398499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.361299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pst65910.2025.11268825","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst65910.2025.11268825","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 22nd Annual International Conference on Privacy, Security, and Trust (PST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3177828909","https://openalex.org/W4306951126","https://openalex.org/W4393188994","https://openalex.org/W4401506292","https://openalex.org/W4405092997","https://openalex.org/W4406063185","https://openalex.org/W4406341111"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"AlphaFold":[0,56,98],"has":[1],"revolutionized":[2],"protein":[3],"structure":[4,166],"prediction,":[5],"enabling":[6],"near-experimental":[7],"accuracy":[8],"directly":[9],"from":[10],"amino":[11],"acid":[12],"sequences.":[13],"However,":[14],"as":[15],"the":[16,51,66,159],"model":[17],"becomes":[18],"increasingly":[19],"integrated":[20],"into":[21],"synthsetic":[22],"biology":[23],"workflows":[24],"and":[25,34,78,91,120,134,169],"generative":[26],"design":[27],"pipelines,":[28],"its":[29,59],"assumptions":[30,178],"around":[31],"input":[32,60,72,143],"integrity":[33],"trust":[35,147],"remain":[36],"critically":[37],"underexamined.":[38],"Safe":[39],"deployment":[40],"considerations":[41],"also":[42,127],"require":[43],"further":[44],"scrutiny.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47],"work,":[48],"we":[49],"present":[50],"first":[52],"red-teaming":[53],"study":[54],"of":[55],"focused":[57],"on":[58],"attack":[61],"surface.":[62],"We":[63,126,139],"systematically":[64],"evaluate":[65],"model\u2019s":[67],"behavior":[68],"across":[69,149],"three":[70],"key":[71],"vectors\u2014FASTA":[73],"sequences,":[74],"custom":[75],"structural":[76],"templates,":[77],"multiple":[79],"sequence":[80],"alignments":[81],"(MSAs)\u2014to":[82],"assess":[83],"their":[84],"susceptibility":[85],"to":[86,151],"adversarial":[87],"misuse,":[88],"metadata":[89,122],"injection,":[90],"semantic":[92],"misalignment.":[93],"Our":[94,156],"findings":[95,157],"reveal":[96],"that":[97],"lacks":[99],"robust":[100],"safeguards":[101,164],"against":[102],"malformed,":[103],"non-biological,":[104],"or":[105],"dual-use-relevant":[106],"inputs.":[107],"Harmful":[108],"sequences":[109],"are":[110],"accepted":[111],"without":[112],"flagging,":[113],"auxiliary":[114],"files":[115],"can":[116,174],"subtly":[117],"bias":[118],"predictions,":[119],"user-supplied":[121],"is":[123],"inconsistently":[124],"handled.":[125],"identify":[128],"inconsistencies":[129],"in":[130,165,179],"AlphaFold\u2019s":[131],"confidence":[132],"scoring":[133],"reproducibility":[135],"under":[136],"standard":[137],"configurations.":[138],"offer":[140],"a":[141],"preliminary":[142],"risk":[144,154],"scorecard":[145],"characterizing":[146],"failures":[148],"interfaces":[150],"support":[152],"future":[153],"assessments.":[155],"emphasize":[158],"need":[160],"for":[161],"lightweight,":[162],"trust-aware":[163],"prediction":[167],"pipelines":[168],"demonstrate":[170],"how":[171],"red":[172],"teaming":[173],"help":[175],"surface":[176],"critical":[177],"bio-AI":[180],"systems.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-12-03T00:00:00"}
