{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200145499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst52912.2021.9647823","title":"Fool Me Once: A Study of Password Selection Evolution over the Past Decade","display_name":"Fool Me Once: A Study of Password Selection Evolution over the Past Decade","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200145499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst52912.2021.9647823"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pst52912.2021.9647823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst52912.2021.9647823","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 18th International Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059411044","display_name":"Rahul Dubey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9763-8005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Dubey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Business and Information Technology, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business and Information Technology, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016781361","display_name":"Miguel Vargas Mart\u00edn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8169-6836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"University of Ontario Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Vargas Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Business and Information Technology, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business and Information Technology, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059411044"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8262,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79990233,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9667999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9623000025749207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.9262200593948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7609467506408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credential","display_name":"Credential","score":0.7477535605430603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6227174997329712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-policy","display_name":"Password policy","score":0.48981115221977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.4853059649467468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4772612750530243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4764176607131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-password","display_name":"Cognitive password","score":0.47266730666160583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4434163570404053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.422937273979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-time-password","display_name":"One-time password","score":0.27197468280792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13951405882835388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.9262200593948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7609467506408691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777810591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16861606","display_name":"Credential","level":2,"score":0.7477535605430603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6227174997329712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98705547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3394687","display_name":"Password policy","level":4,"score":0.48981115221977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.4853059649467468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4772612750530243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4764176607131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23875713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141232","display_name":"Cognitive password","level":5,"score":0.47266730666160583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4434163570404053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.422937273979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89479133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137840","display_name":"One-time password","level":3,"score":0.27197468280792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13951405882835388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pst52912.2021.9647823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst52912.2021.9647823","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 18th International Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W178850302","https://openalex.org/W1582879267","https://openalex.org/W2030112111","https://openalex.org/W2218132318","https://openalex.org/W2394619600","https://openalex.org/W2413416220","https://openalex.org/W2488850733","https://openalex.org/W2559948297","https://openalex.org/W2801242599","https://openalex.org/W2888857603","https://openalex.org/W2891820333","https://openalex.org/W2931153881","https://openalex.org/W3000491365","https://openalex.org/W3049539418","https://openalex.org/W6715708862","https://openalex.org/W6722583902","https://openalex.org/W6754561302","https://openalex.org/W6777695286"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2183044514","https://openalex.org/W2596869006","https://openalex.org/W2115218409","https://openalex.org/W2969720675","https://openalex.org/W2048203748","https://openalex.org/W165936246","https://openalex.org/W2090949570","https://openalex.org/W2936467198","https://openalex.org/W4385828295","https://openalex.org/W1987516957"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Passwords":[0],"have":[1,8,48,161],"been":[2,49],"around":[3],"for":[4,135],"many":[5],"decades":[6],"and":[7,16,41,102,140,168],"tenaciously":[9],"remained":[10],"the":[11,20,26,55,80,87,105,112,117,131],"primary":[12],"means":[13],"of":[14,28,79,89,107,120,146],"identification":[15],"authentication.":[17],"Assuming":[18],"that":[19],"communication":[21],"channel":[22],"is":[23,33,58,86],"not":[24,65],"intercepted,":[25],"strength":[27,167],"security":[29],"provided":[30],"by":[31,52],"passwords":[32,160],"largely":[34],"dependent":[35],"on":[36],"two":[37],"factors:":[38],"password":[39,42,75],"selection":[40],"storage":[43],"mechanism.":[44],"While":[45],"both":[46],"areas":[47],"looked":[50],"into":[51],"researchers":[53,114],"in":[54,94],"past,":[56],"there":[57],"no":[59],"consensus":[60],"to":[61,115,143,157,166],"suggest":[62],"whether":[63,169],"or":[64],"humanity":[66],"has":[67,174],"moved":[68],"towards":[69],"choosing":[70],"stronger":[71],"passwords,":[72],"notwithstanding":[73],"strong":[74],"enforcement":[76],"policies.":[77],"One":[78],"key":[81],"reasons":[82],"behind":[83],"this":[84],"shortcoming":[85],"lack":[88],"data":[90],"about":[91],"individual":[92],"credentials":[93],"leaked":[95],"datasets,":[96],"which":[97],"usually":[98],"contain":[99],"only":[100],"usernames":[101],"passwords.":[103],"To":[104],"best":[106],"our":[108,154],"knowledge,":[109],"we":[110,133,152],"are":[111],"first":[113],"enrich":[116],"attribute":[118],"set":[119],"any":[121],"user":[122,149],"credential":[123],"database,":[124],"thus":[125],"allowing":[126],"deeper":[127],"insights.":[128],"We":[129],"outline":[130],"method":[132],"devised":[134],"adding":[136],"new":[137],"attributes":[138],"(time-stamp":[139],"source":[141],"inference)":[142],"a":[144,172],"dataset":[145,156],"1.4":[147],"billion":[148],"credentials.":[150],"Subsequently,":[151],"use":[153],"modified":[155],"determine":[158],"how":[159],"evolved":[162],"overtime":[163],"with":[164],"respect":[165],"humankind":[170],"as":[171],"whole":[173],"learned":[175],"from":[176],"its":[177],"past":[178],"mistakes.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
