{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200534279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst52912.2021.9647804","title":"The Race-Timing Prototype","display_name":"The Race-Timing Prototype","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200534279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst52912.2021.9647804"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pst52912.2021.9647804","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst52912.2021.9647804","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 18th International Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053773326","display_name":"Andres R. Hernandez C","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andres R. Hernandez C","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas, San Antonio"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas, San Antonio","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100602693","display_name":"Wonjun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5286-6541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157638225","display_name":"California State University, Northridge","ror":"https://ror.org/005f5hv41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157638225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wonjun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["California State University, Northridge"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California State University, Northridge","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157638225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101582615","display_name":"Wei-Ming Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9350-6646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Ming Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas, San Antonio"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas, San Antonio","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053773326"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19367334,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10478","display_name":"Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research","score":0.9764999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.8677328824996948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8391406536102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.6723726391792297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache-pollution","display_name":"Cache pollution","score":0.5417090654373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache-algorithms","display_name":"Cache algorithms","score":0.4951588213443756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache-invalidation","display_name":"Cache invalidation","score":0.47506970167160034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.46560198068618774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-cache","display_name":"Smart Cache","score":0.46391761302948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/page-cache","display_name":"Page cache","score":0.44915053248405457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cpu-cache","display_name":"CPU cache","score":0.4446410834789276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4178179204463959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.35491743683815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1806562840938568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.15864858031272888}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.8677328824996948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8391406536102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.6723726391792297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113166858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5015981","display_name":"Cache pollution","level":5,"score":0.5417090654373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38556500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13404475","display_name":"Cache algorithms","level":4,"score":0.4951588213443756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25536678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5015977","display_name":"Cache invalidation","level":5,"score":0.47506970167160034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.46560198068618774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167713795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352090","display_name":"Smart Cache","level":5,"score":0.46391761302948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36340418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7124288","display_name":"Page cache","level":5,"score":0.44915053248405457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189783530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352090","display_name":"CPU cache","level":3,"score":0.4446410834789276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4178179204463959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.35491743683815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1806562840938568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.15864858031272888}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pst52912.2021.9647804","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst52912.2021.9647804","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 18th International Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309536","display_name":"University of Texas System","ror":"https://ror.org/01gek1696"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1427174644","https://openalex.org/W1488058190","https://openalex.org/W1496265857","https://openalex.org/W1503814339","https://openalex.org/W2170585292","https://openalex.org/W2172060328","https://openalex.org/W2594560662","https://openalex.org/W2606774910","https://openalex.org/W2751989915","https://openalex.org/W2795286232","https://openalex.org/W2962832225","https://openalex.org/W2963311060","https://openalex.org/W3015465581","https://openalex.org/W6628261430","https://openalex.org/W6629731154","https://openalex.org/W6712237015","https://openalex.org/W6743325655","https://openalex.org/W6747544890","https://openalex.org/W6754773466","https://openalex.org/W6756645753","https://openalex.org/W6778035576"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2133489088","https://openalex.org/W2363769136","https://openalex.org/W2539712666","https://openalex.org/W2126408955","https://openalex.org/W2114386333","https://openalex.org/W2369103246","https://openalex.org/W2115222420","https://openalex.org/W3085471909","https://openalex.org/W2148571123","https://openalex.org/W2396934146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,150],"disclosure":[1],"of":[2,17,30,72,102,227,241],"transient":[3,40],"execution":[4,41],"attacks,":[5],"such":[6],"as":[7,34,51],"Meltdown":[8],"and":[9,78,145,174,198,219,250,272],"Spectre,":[10],"has":[11,22],"once":[12],"again":[13],"highlighted":[14],"the":[15,27,39,70,87,99,103,108,126,134,162,239],"threat":[16],"cache":[18,28,73,104,116,135,143,170,177,252,267],"side-channel":[19,74,117,178,268],"configurations.":[20],"It":[21],"now":[23,83],"been":[24],"demonstrated":[25],"that":[26,55,155,175,192,210,230,261],"hierarchy":[29],"modern":[31],"processors":[32,215],"functions":[33],"a":[35,66,176,224,266],"micro-architectural":[36],"medium":[37],"where":[38],"may":[42],"leak":[43],"private":[44],"data,":[45],"in":[46,98,107,133,254],"addition":[47],"to":[48,59,68,85,92,130,153,167,236,246],"also":[49],"serving":[50],"an":[52,262],"attack":[53],"surface":[54],"adversaries":[56,94,157],"can":[57,179,264],"use":[58],"directly":[60],"spy":[61],"on":[62,125,161,202,214],"victim":[63],"programs.":[64],"As":[65],"response":[67],"tamper":[69],"effectiveness":[71],"configurations,":[75],"hardware":[76,196,242],"manufacturers,":[77],"most":[79],"notably":[80],"AMD,":[81],"have":[82],"opted":[84],"reduce":[86],"processor&#x2019;s":[88,127,163],"cycle":[89,128,164,275],"counter":[90,129,165],"resolution":[91,166],"prevent":[93],"from":[95,172,216],"mounting":[96],"side-channels":[97],"higher":[100],"levels":[101],"hierarchy,":[105],"specially":[106],"L1D":[109,249],"cache.":[110],"This":[111],"partially":[112],"works":[113,213],"because":[114],"classic":[115],"techniques,":[118],"namely":[119],"Prime+Probe":[120],"or":[121],"Flush+Reload,":[122],"heavily":[123],"rely":[124,160,201],"detect":[131],"changes":[132],"state,":[136],"which":[137],"is":[138,195],"normally":[139],"done":[140],"by":[141,183],"tracking":[142],"hits":[144,171],"misses.":[146],"Yet,":[147],"we":[148,208],"present":[149],"Race-Timing":[151,234],"Prototype":[152],"prove":[154],"devoted":[156],"no":[158],"longer":[159],"effectively":[168],"distinguish":[169,247],"misses,":[173],"still":[180],"be":[181],"configured":[182],"only":[184],"utilizing":[185,274],"controlled":[186],"memory":[187],"race":[188],"conditions.":[189],"In":[190],"view":[191],"our":[193,211,233],"implementation":[194],"agnostic":[197],"does":[199],"not":[200],"any":[203],"proprietary":[204],"instruction":[205],"set":[206],"extension,":[207],"demonstrate":[209],"prototype":[212],"both":[217],"Intel":[218,255],"AMD.":[220],"Additionally,":[221],"with":[222,269],"propose":[223],"new":[225],"semantic":[226],"Out-of-Order":[228],"Detachment":[229],"further":[231],"allows":[232],"measurements":[235],"closely":[237],"match":[238],"accuracy":[240],"Performance":[243],"Monitoring":[244],"Counters":[245],"fast":[248],"L2":[251],"accesses":[253],"processors.":[256],"Ultimately,":[257],"this":[258],"work":[259],"demonstrates":[260],"adversary":[263],"exploit":[265],"high-precision":[270],"timing,":[271],"without":[273],"counters":[276],"at":[277],"all.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
