{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200215038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst52912.2021.9647755","title":"Towards Privacy-Preserving Classification-as-a-Service for DGA Detection","display_name":"Towards Privacy-Preserving Classification-as-a-Service for DGA Detection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200215038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst52912.2021.9647755"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pst52912.2021.9647755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst52912.2021.9647755","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 18th International Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063993176","display_name":"Arthur Drichel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7326-7273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arthur Drichel","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077658725","display_name":"Mehdi Akbari Gurabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1734-8367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110507","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01ak24c12","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110507","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Akbari Gurabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer FIT, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer FIT, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047598078","display_name":"Tim Amelung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Amelung","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001580305","display_name":"Ulrike Meyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2569-1042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulrike Meyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063993176"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6998,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77233435,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8360764980316162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.7566287517547607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6196234226226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.5738461017608643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.522294282913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-provider","display_name":"Service provider","score":0.5066879391670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4934889078140259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4689100980758667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.46375682950019836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45726144313812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.3323485255241394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3004530668258667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8360764980316162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.7566287517547607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6196234226226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.5738461017608643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.522294282913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.5066879391670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4934889078140259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4689100980758667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.46375682950019836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45726144313812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.3323485255241394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3004530668258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pst52912.2021.9647755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst52912.2021.9647755","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 18th International Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-647628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-647628.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer FIT","raw_type":"conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:null:publica/416942","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/416942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324232","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17316494","https://openalex.org/W196740607","https://openalex.org/W644599125","https://openalex.org/W1556155774","https://openalex.org/W1561983441","https://openalex.org/W1595868485","https://openalex.org/W1600010237","https://openalex.org/W1969009977","https://openalex.org/W2006453614","https://openalex.org/W2027471022","https://openalex.org/W2082550445","https://openalex.org/W2088492763","https://openalex.org/W2111547563","https://openalex.org/W2267236547","https://openalex.org/W2398935881","https://openalex.org/W2401959250","https://openalex.org/W2402235285","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2464432954","https://openalex.org/W2546910111","https://openalex.org/W2554075857","https://openalex.org/W2728121559","https://openalex.org/W2765200655","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2773671123","https://openalex.org/W2786906486","https://openalex.org/W2807418716","https://openalex.org/W2866649234","https://openalex.org/W2889547652","https://openalex.org/W2896550391","https://openalex.org/W2897925395","https://openalex.org/W2900319533","https://openalex.org/W2941310685","https://openalex.org/W2942650110","https://openalex.org/W2948021402","https://openalex.org/W2949140995","https://openalex.org/W2951626733","https://openalex.org/W2954590176","https://openalex.org/W2963106566","https://openalex.org/W2963626582","https://openalex.org/W2963752132","https://openalex.org/W2969350772","https://openalex.org/W2974369860","https://openalex.org/W2982499393","https://openalex.org/W2992347988","https://openalex.org/W3015767938","https://openalex.org/W3036942035","https://openalex.org/W3085052658","https://openalex.org/W3101806332","https://openalex.org/W3103331180","https://openalex.org/W3108672920","https://openalex.org/W3125537303","https://openalex.org/W3132999349","https://openalex.org/W3173684417","https://openalex.org/W3195826529","https://openalex.org/W3217525267","https://openalex.org/W3217809002","https://openalex.org/W4286989576","https://openalex.org/W4288079986","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4302282827","https://openalex.org/W4378527334","https://openalex.org/W6608030608","https://openalex.org/W6633578641","https://openalex.org/W6719105664","https://openalex.org/W6729497825","https://openalex.org/W6734770194","https://openalex.org/W6752008800","https://openalex.org/W6755829780","https://openalex.org/W6756115552","https://openalex.org/W6763294995","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6776906142","https://openalex.org/W6790539137","https://openalex.org/W6800286734","https://openalex.org/W6804198145"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539930818","https://openalex.org/W4403623784","https://openalex.org/W4393118461","https://openalex.org/W4390664647","https://openalex.org/W3012147850","https://openalex.org/W4313300189","https://openalex.org/W2949835517","https://openalex.org/W2601739120","https://openalex.org/W2625655658","https://openalex.org/W2771047361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Domain":[0],"generation":[1],"algorithm":[2],"(DGA)":[3],"classifiers":[4,106],"can":[5,25,91],"be":[6,65],"used":[7],"to":[8,42,67,102,110,178,182,225],"detect":[9],"and":[10,19,94,107,117,180],"block":[11],"the":[12,27,33,69,73,88,121,131],"establishment":[13],"of":[14,29,134,176,192,229],"a":[15,162,171,207],"connection":[16],"between":[17],"bots":[18],"their":[20],"command-and-control":[21],"server.":[22],"Classification-as-a-service":[23],"(CaaS)":[24],"separate":[26],"classification":[28,201],"domain":[30,51],"names":[31,52],"from":[32],"need":[34],"for":[35,46,79,120,138,158,232],"real-world":[36,132,163,227],"training":[37],"data,":[38],"which":[39,62],"are":[40,155,223],"difficult":[41],"obtain":[43],"but":[44],"mandatory":[45],"well":[47,54],"performing":[48],"classifiers.":[49],"However,":[50],"as":[53,55],"trained":[56],"models":[57,154],"may":[58],"contain":[59],"privacy-critical":[60],"information":[61],"should":[63],"not":[64,204],"leaked":[66],"either":[68],"model":[70,95,118,167],"provider":[71],"or":[72,218],"data":[74,93,116],"provider.":[75],"Several":[76],"generic":[77,136],"frameworks":[78,109,137],"privacy-preserving":[80,112,139,159,230],"machine":[81],"learning":[82],"(ML)":[83],"have":[84],"been":[85],"proposed":[86],"in":[87,161,173,184,206],"past":[89],"that":[90,150,169],"preserve":[92],"privacy.":[96],"Thus,":[97,211],"it":[98],"seems":[99],"high":[100],"time":[101],"combine":[103],"state-of-the-art":[104,143],"DGA":[105,122,144,152,233],"privacy-preservation":[108],"enable":[111,226],"CaaS,":[113],"preserving":[114],"both,":[115],"privacy":[119],"detection":[123,145,153],"use":[124],"case.":[125],"In":[126],"this":[127,197],"work,":[128],"we":[129],"examine":[130],"applicability":[133],"four":[135],"ML":[140],"using":[141],"different":[142],"models.":[146],"Our":[147],"results":[148],"show":[149],"out-of-the-box":[151],"computationally":[156],"infeasible":[157],"inference":[160,174],"setting.":[164,210],"We":[165],"propose":[166],"simplifications":[168],"achieve":[170],"reduction":[172],"latency":[175],"up":[177,181],"95%,":[179],"97%":[183],"communication":[185],"complexity":[186],"while":[187],"causing":[188],"an":[189],"accuracy":[190],"penalty":[191],"less":[193],"than":[194],"0.17%.":[195],"Despite":[196],"significant":[198],"improvement,":[199],"real-time":[200],"is":[202],"still":[203],"feasible":[205],"traditional":[208],"two-party":[209],"more":[212],"efficient":[213],"secure":[214],"multi-party":[215],"computation":[216],"(SMPC)":[217],"homomorphic":[219],"encryption":[220],"(HE)":[221],"schemes":[222],"required":[224],"feasibility":[228],"CaaS":[231],"detection.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-07T14:57:38.498316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}