{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2956084084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst47121.2019.8949063","title":"Geographical Security Questions for Fallback Authentication","display_name":"Geographical Security Questions for Fallback Authentication","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2956084084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst47121.2019.8949063","mag":"2956084084"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pst47121.2019.8949063","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst47121.2019.8949063","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 17th International Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.00998","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085080841","display_name":"Alaadin Addas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alaadin Addas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ontario Tech University,Oshawa,Canada","University of Ontario Institute of Tech"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ontario Tech University,Oshawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ontario Institute of Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058217217","display_name":"Amirali Salehi\u2010Abari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8053-7710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amirali Salehi-Abari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ontario Tech University,Oshawa,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ontario Tech University,Oshawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000647973","display_name":"Julie Thorpe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6629-158X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julie Thorpe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ontario Tech University,Oshawa,Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ontario Tech University,Oshawa,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7053,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78320073,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.7725163698196411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6727926731109619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6555304527282715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/login","display_name":"Login","score":0.6291464567184448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.5833359360694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5809446573257446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.5474345684051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backup","display_name":"Backup","score":0.5065463781356812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.26030921936035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.10757699608802795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.0915137529373169}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.7725163698196411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6727926731109619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6555304527282715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113324615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472302","display_name":"Login","level":2,"score":0.6291464567184448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.5833359360694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5809446573257446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.5474345684051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780945871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194274","display_name":"Backup","level":2,"score":0.5065463781356812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.26030921936035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.10757699608802795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.0915137529373169}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pst47121.2019.8949063","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst47121.2019.8949063","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 17th International Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1907.00998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.00998","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.00998","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2956084084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.00998.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1907.00998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1907.00998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1907.00998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.00998","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.00998","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2956084084.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2956084084.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W821002660","https://openalex.org/W1415620964","https://openalex.org/W1509135693","https://openalex.org/W1962180757","https://openalex.org/W1979777715","https://openalex.org/W2006605027","https://openalex.org/W2007227619","https://openalex.org/W2019578814","https://openalex.org/W2026939551","https://openalex.org/W2030112111","https://openalex.org/W2064945825","https://openalex.org/W2074279819","https://openalex.org/W2076245464","https://openalex.org/W2076868093","https://openalex.org/W2082164775","https://openalex.org/W2096860854","https://openalex.org/W2106247215","https://openalex.org/W2108759546","https://openalex.org/W2113936660","https://openalex.org/W2115218409","https://openalex.org/W2122615888","https://openalex.org/W2126453598","https://openalex.org/W2135359429","https://openalex.org/W2152337449","https://openalex.org/W2161032904","https://openalex.org/W2171133282","https://openalex.org/W2174580853","https://openalex.org/W2253893204","https://openalex.org/W2333351798","https://openalex.org/W2379253119","https://openalex.org/W2394560680","https://openalex.org/W2396697587","https://openalex.org/W2397107144","https://openalex.org/W2463444906","https://openalex.org/W2463456957","https://openalex.org/W2581766746","https://openalex.org/W2589507437","https://openalex.org/W2962932298","https://openalex.org/W2963713692","https://openalex.org/W4248135386","https://openalex.org/W6628269806","https://openalex.org/W6674314876","https://openalex.org/W6683004473","https://openalex.org/W6684764570","https://openalex.org/W6685410307","https://openalex.org/W6709651691","https://openalex.org/W6711595132","https://openalex.org/W6712361343","https://openalex.org/W6719406283","https://openalex.org/W6765287023","https://openalex.org/W6772335211","https://openalex.org/W6772697318","https://openalex.org/W6843952903"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2999370231","https://openalex.org/W2070396449","https://openalex.org/W16771734","https://openalex.org/W3133981350","https://openalex.org/W2007524456","https://openalex.org/W2801844198","https://openalex.org/W2397403246","https://openalex.org/W3035601623","https://openalex.org/W2946321045","https://openalex.org/W3005965237","https://openalex.org/W2402457987","https://openalex.org/W3175524589","https://openalex.org/W3121084630","https://openalex.org/W1869258140","https://openalex.org/W3132079648","https://openalex.org/W2920461878","https://openalex.org/W3001873791","https://openalex.org/W1989085188","https://openalex.org/W2188424143","https://openalex.org/W2767674343"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fallback":[0],"authentication":[1,5,11,21],"is":[2,62],"the":[3,9,40,97],"backup":[4],"method":[6,12],"used":[7],"when":[8],"primary":[10],"(e.g.,":[13,23],"passwords,":[14],"biometrics,":[15],"etc.)":[16],"fails.":[17],"Currently,":[18],"widely-deployed":[19],"fallback":[20,59,72],"methods":[22],"security":[24,34,41,76,98],"questions,":[25],"email":[26],"resets,":[27],"and":[28,35,50,77,108],"SMS":[29],"resets)":[30],"suffer":[31],"from":[32],"documented":[33],"usability":[36,78,104],"flaws":[37,45],"that":[38,66,94],"threaten":[39],"of":[42,80,99],"accounts.":[43],"These":[44],"motivate":[46],"us":[47],"to":[48],"design":[49],"study":[51,87],"Geographical":[52],"Security":[53],"Questions":[54],"(GeoSQ),":[55],"a":[56],"system":[57],"for":[58,71,112],"authentication.":[60,73],"GeoSQ":[61,81,95],"an":[63,83],"Android":[64],"application":[65],"utilizes":[67],"autobiographical":[68],"location":[69],"data":[70],"We":[74],"performed":[75],"analyses":[79],"through":[82],"in-person":[84],"two-session":[85],"lab":[86],"(n=36,":[88],"18":[89],"pairs).":[90],"Our":[91],"results":[92],"indicate":[93],"exceeds":[96],"its":[100,103],"counterparts,":[101],"while":[102],"(specifically":[105],"login":[106],"time":[107],"memorability)":[109],"has":[110],"room":[111],"improvement.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}