{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2609419588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst.2016.7906944","title":"A continuous user authentication scheme for mobile devices","display_name":"A continuous user authentication scheme for mobile devices","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2609419588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst.2016.7906944","mag":"2609419588"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pst.2016.7906944","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst.2016.7906944","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 14th Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023893833","display_name":"Max Smith-Creasey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6576-6603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","display_name":"City, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04489at23","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I180825142"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Max Smith-Creasey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, City University London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, City University London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059640195","display_name":"Muttukrishnan Rajarajan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5814-9922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","display_name":"City, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04489at23","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I180825142"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muttukrishnan Rajarajan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, City University London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, City University London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1005,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9373815,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"104","last_page":"113"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7786154747009277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.7777625918388367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.6399951577186584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.6377222537994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6049617528915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5228791236877441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5217027068138123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.52039635181427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.5156584978103638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.4742433428764343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.4589136838912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41548100113868713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39763230085372925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.14092114567756653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.10513865947723389}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7786154747009277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.7777625918388367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.6399951577186584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.6377222537994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6049617528915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5228791236877441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5217027068138123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.52039635181427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.5156584978103638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.4742433428764343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.4589136838912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41548100113868713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39763230085372925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.14092114567756653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.10513865947723389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pst.2016.7906944","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pst.2016.7906944","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 14th Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W646834292","https://openalex.org/W1505920559","https://openalex.org/W1519268598","https://openalex.org/W1547097662","https://openalex.org/W1554644425","https://openalex.org/W1559675559","https://openalex.org/W1617900753","https://openalex.org/W1936981920","https://openalex.org/W1964160137","https://openalex.org/W2037840628","https://openalex.org/W2062649377","https://openalex.org/W2074406744","https://openalex.org/W2102932275","https://openalex.org/W2106953071","https://openalex.org/W2115973169","https://openalex.org/W2133990480","https://openalex.org/W2151854612","https://openalex.org/W2152395371","https://openalex.org/W2160757564","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2216189124","https://openalex.org/W2217289705","https://openalex.org/W2303523919","https://openalex.org/W2404603298","https://openalex.org/W2406447888","https://openalex.org/W2535614671","https://openalex.org/W3098290439","https://openalex.org/W6630424739","https://openalex.org/W6633374243","https://openalex.org/W6640316281","https://openalex.org/W6675245884","https://openalex.org/W6713486973","https://openalex.org/W6713602498"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2537963312","https://openalex.org/W2066003895","https://openalex.org/W2537762514","https://openalex.org/W2349788282","https://openalex.org/W1995418324","https://openalex.org/W2211301776","https://openalex.org/W3104966193","https://openalex.org/W2275475525","https://openalex.org/W2060905804","https://openalex.org/W1485853333"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"and":[1,45,62,101],"touch":[2],"modalities":[3,64,85],"have":[4],"independently":[5],"been":[6],"shown":[7],"to":[8,37,86],"yield":[9],"promising":[10],"results":[11],"for":[12,65,74,83,141],"continuous":[13,40,130],"user":[14,84],"authentication.":[15],"In":[16],"this":[17],"study,":[18],"we":[19,117],"present":[20],"a":[21,30,56,79,91,105,112,142,151],"novel":[22],"framework":[23],"that":[24],"combines":[25],"these":[26],"modalities.":[27],"We":[28,54,77,133,145],"show":[29,123,147],"stacked":[31],"classifier":[32],"approach":[33,125,153],"can":[34],"be":[35],"used":[36,110],"improve":[38],"the":[39,51,96,120,148],"authentication":[41,131],"on":[42,90],"mobile":[43],"devices":[44],"address":[46],"some":[47],"prevalent":[48],"issues":[49],"with":[50],"current":[52],"state-of-the-art.":[53],"use":[55],"state-of-the-art":[57],"public":[58],"dataset":[59],"containing":[60],"face":[61],"touch-gesture":[63],"50":[66],"users.":[67],"Features":[68],"are":[69,102],"extracted":[70],"from":[71,119],"each":[72,75,99],"modality":[73,157],"user.":[76],"train":[78],"set":[80],"of":[81,98,139],"classifiers":[82,122],"provide":[87],"probability":[88],"scores":[89,94,116],"sample.":[92,144],"The":[93,115],"capture":[95],"nuances":[97],"sample":[100],"concatenated":[103],"into":[104],"vector.":[106],"This":[107],"vector":[108],"is":[109,158],"in":[111],"meta-level":[113,121],"classifier.":[114],"obtain":[118],"our":[124],"performs":[126],"better":[127],"than":[128],"previous":[129],"approaches.":[132],"achieve":[134],"an":[135],"equal":[136],"error":[137],"rate":[138],"3.77%":[140],"single":[143],"also":[146],"added":[149],"robustness":[150],"multi-modal":[152],"provides":[154],"if":[155],"one":[156],"compromised.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}