{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415378099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/prime66228.2025.11203351","title":"A 1.2-fJ/MAC, 7-fJ/ReLU, 5.9-b ENOB, All-Analog Neural Network Computing Macro","display_name":"A 1.2-fJ/MAC, 7-fJ/ReLU, 5.9-b ENOB, All-Analog Neural Network Computing Macro","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415378099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/prime66228.2025.11203351"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/prime66228.2025.11203351","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/prime66228.2025.11203351","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 20th International Conference on PhD Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PRIME)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014496379","display_name":"Raphael N\u00e4gele","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1210-2069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31582689","display_name":"Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/039gdg280","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31582689"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raphael N\u00e4gele","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stuttgart,Institute of Electrical and Optical Engineering,Stuttgart,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stuttgart,Institute of Electrical and Optical Engineering,Stuttgart,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346","https://openalex.org/I31582689"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008317568","display_name":"Jakob Finkbeiner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0374-8132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31582689","display_name":"Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/039gdg280","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31582689"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jakob Finkbeiner","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stuttgart,Institute of Electrical and Optical Engineering,Stuttgart,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stuttgart,Institute of Electrical and Optical Engineering,Stuttgart,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346","https://openalex.org/I31582689"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041786932","display_name":"Manuel Wittlinger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31582689","display_name":"Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/039gdg280","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31582689"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Wittlinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stuttgart,Institute of Electrical and Optical Engineering,Stuttgart,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stuttgart,Institute of Electrical and Optical Engineering,Stuttgart,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346","https://openalex.org/I31582689"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048445253","display_name":"Markus Gr\u00f6zing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9870-3895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31582689","display_name":"Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/039gdg280","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31582689"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Gr\u00f6zing","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stuttgart,Institute of Electrical and Optical Engineering,Stuttgart,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stuttgart,Institute of Electrical and Optical Engineering,Stuttgart,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346","https://openalex.org/I31582689"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008182166","display_name":"Manfred Berroth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4036-1460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31582689","display_name":"Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/039gdg280","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31582689"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manfred Berroth","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stuttgart,Institute of Electrical and Optical Engineering,Stuttgart,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stuttgart,Institute of Electrical and Optical Engineering,Stuttgart,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346","https://openalex.org/I31582689"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086846167","display_name":"Georg Rademacher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9156-6928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31582689","display_name":"Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/039gdg280","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31582689"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georg Rademacher","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stuttgart,Institute of Electrical and Optical Engineering,Stuttgart,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stuttgart,Institute of Electrical and Optical Engineering,Stuttgart,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346","https://openalex.org/I31582689"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014496379"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346","https://openalex.org/I31582689"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15467795,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.6574000120162964,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.6574000120162964,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.7278000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5645999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.5120999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4961000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.4722999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-conversion","display_name":"Data conversion","score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.4278999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-processing","display_name":"Data processing","score":0.40540000796318054}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.7278000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7174000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5645999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.5120999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4961000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.4722999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1232282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783551","display_name":"Data conversion","level":2,"score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.4278999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138827492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985","display_name":"Data processing","level":2,"score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.3813000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87868495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750843","display_name":"Information processing","level":2,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C812465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5058375","display_name":"Cellular neural network","level":3,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52773712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175022","display_name":"Digital signal","level":3,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778864079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173285","display_name":"Digital data","level":3,"score":0.262800008058548}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/prime66228.2025.11203351","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/prime66228.2025.11203351","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 20th International Conference on PhD Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PRIME)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321408","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/01p262204"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2140823559","https://openalex.org/W2769502706","https://openalex.org/W2894696827","https://openalex.org/W3005589975","https://openalex.org/W3016163932","https://openalex.org/W3120016950","https://openalex.org/W3121823381","https://openalex.org/W3135701542","https://openalex.org/W4292121737","https://openalex.org/W4367728425","https://openalex.org/W4400811030","https://openalex.org/W4400811432","https://openalex.org/W4403677868"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"at":[2],"the":[3,13,26,44,54,70,85,90,96],"edge":[4],"requires":[5],"ultra":[6],"energy":[7,22],"efficient":[8],"computing":[9],"circuits.":[10],"Computing":[11],"in":[12,53,67],"analog":[14],"domain":[15,59],"can":[16],"offer":[17],"orders":[18],"of":[19,46],"magnitude":[20],"higher":[21],"efficiency":[23],"compared":[24],"to":[25,38],"digital":[27,50],"domain.":[28],"We":[29],"present":[30],"and":[31,49,69,92],"characterize":[32],"an":[33],"all-analog":[34],"neural":[35,41],"layer":[36],"macro":[37],"compute":[39],"fully-connected":[40],"networks":[42],"without":[43],"involvement":[45],"data":[47,55],"converters":[48],"signal":[51],"processing":[52],"path.":[56],"Our":[57],"charge":[58],"multiplyaccumulate":[60],"(MAC)":[61],"units":[62],"operate":[63],"with":[64,73],"1.2":[65],"fJ/MAC":[66],"average":[68],"ReLU-voltage-to-time":[71],"converter":[72],"$7":[74],"\\mathrm{fJ}":[75],"/":[76],"\\mathrm{ReLU}$.":[77],"The":[78],"effective":[79],"resolution":[80],"is":[81,103],"5.6":[82],"b":[83,88,94],"for":[84,89,95,105],"weights,":[86],"4.9":[87],"activations":[91],"5.9":[93],"dot":[97],"product.":[98],"An":[99],"accurate":[100],"TensorFlow":[101],"model":[102],"developed":[104],"hardware-aware":[106],"training.":[107]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-21T00:00:00"}
