{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379876624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/plans53410.2023.10139995","title":"A Sub-meter Accurate Positioning using 5G Double-difference Carrier Phase Measurements","display_name":"A Sub-meter Accurate Positioning using 5G Double-difference Carrier Phase Measurements","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379876624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/plans53410.2023.10139995"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/plans53410.2023.10139995","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/plans53410.2023.10139995","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101031458","display_name":"Chengming Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengming Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU),Singapore","School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU),Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046850399","display_name":"Wee Peng Tay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1543-195X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wee Peng Tay","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU),Singapore","School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU),Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100643414","display_name":"Kai Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-3410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU),Singapore","School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU),Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017456876","display_name":"Keck Voon Ling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9293-9394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keck Voon Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU),Singapore","School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU),Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042900753","display_name":"Jun Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8023-8806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU),Singapore","School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU),Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371960","display_name":"Yue Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6861-5907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Lowell,Electrical and Computer Engineering Department,Lowell,USA","Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Lowell,Electrical and Computer Engineering Department,Lowell,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1176","last_page":"1183"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7377408742904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-radio","display_name":"Software-defined radio","score":0.5776228904724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.5558376312255859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.5018601417541504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.46529921889305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.45431870222091675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carrier-frequency-offset","display_name":"Carrier frequency offset","score":0.4474772810935974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.44583889842033386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.4164343774318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity-resolution","display_name":"Ambiguity resolution","score":0.4121387004852295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.37000083923339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-offset","display_name":"Frequency offset","score":0.28609639406204224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2353478968143463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11345177888870239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","score":0.10684201121330261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10293832421302795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.1028512716293335}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7377408742904663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171115542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331892","display_name":"Software-defined radio","level":2,"score":0.5776228904724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5558376312255859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.5018601417541504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.46529921889305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.45431870222091675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776108382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25111451","display_name":"Carrier frequency offset","level":5,"score":0.4474772810935974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.44583889842033386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.4164343774318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777559092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4741445","display_name":"Ambiguity resolution","level":4,"score":0.4121387004852295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37000083923339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49319798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5502874","display_name":"Frequency offset","level":4,"score":0.28609639406204224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2353478968143463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11345177888870239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.10684201121330261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10293832421302795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.1028512716293335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/plans53410.2023.10139995","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/plans53410.2023.10139995","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1502677793","https://openalex.org/W1845472783","https://openalex.org/W2154621370","https://openalex.org/W2155485201","https://openalex.org/W2600921989","https://openalex.org/W2905512769","https://openalex.org/W2906229647","https://openalex.org/W2954592361","https://openalex.org/W2987780392","https://openalex.org/W2988196616","https://openalex.org/W2988884236","https://openalex.org/W3095719114","https://openalex.org/W3097403648","https://openalex.org/W3158916234","https://openalex.org/W3166143821","https://openalex.org/W3197405687","https://openalex.org/W3206086562","https://openalex.org/W3207422227","https://openalex.org/W4206508980","https://openalex.org/W4306922826","https://openalex.org/W4306940711","https://openalex.org/W4306950509","https://openalex.org/W4306950700","https://openalex.org/W6801135851","https://openalex.org/W6845569036"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2024297823","https://openalex.org/W4283206657","https://openalex.org/W3080641624","https://openalex.org/W2355663289","https://openalex.org/W2106913410","https://openalex.org/W1996673947","https://openalex.org/W4380372336","https://openalex.org/W2354248671","https://openalex.org/W2091215764","https://openalex.org/W2073673931"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Apart":[0],"from":[1,154],"communications,":[2],"the":[3,16,35,47,60,103,118,124,129,143],"Fifth":[4],"Generation":[5],"(5G)":[6],"technology":[7],"is":[8,67,113,166],"also":[9],"motivated":[10],"by":[11,46,128],"positioning":[12],"requirements":[13],"down":[14],"to":[15,31,69,116],"sub-meter":[17],"level":[18],"across":[19],"industry":[20],"verticals.":[21],"In":[22,57],"this":[23,58],"work,":[24],"we":[25],"utilize":[26],"Universal":[27],"Software":[28],"Radio":[29,38],"Peripheral":[30],"transmit":[32],"and":[33,51,98,121,142],"receive":[34],"5G":[36,49,62,89,149],"New":[37],"signals.":[39],"The":[40,86],"obtained":[41],"samples":[42],"are":[43,139],"then":[44],"processed":[45],"proposed":[48],"code":[50,83],"carrier":[52,78,95,151],"phase":[53,79,84,96,152],"software":[54],"defined":[55],"receiver.":[56],"process,":[59],"dedicated":[61],"Positioning":[63],"Reference":[64],"Signal":[65],"(PRS)":[66],"adopted":[68],"obtain":[70],"time":[71,92],"of":[72,82,164],"arrival":[73],"estimates":[74],"using":[75,148],"more":[76],"accurate":[77,94],"measure-ments":[80],"instead":[81],"measurements.":[85],"continuously":[87],"transmitted":[88],"PRSs":[90],"over":[91],"enable":[93],"tracking":[97,104],"avoid":[99],"ambiguity":[100],"problems":[101],"during":[102],"stage":[105],"in":[106],"line-of-sight":[107],"environments.":[108],"Furthermore,":[109],"a":[110,158],"roadside":[111],"unit":[112],"set":[114],"up":[115],"observe":[117],"same":[119],"signals":[120],"cancel":[122],"out":[123],"measurement":[125],"error":[126,163],"introduced":[127],"clock":[130],"offset":[131],"between":[132],"two":[133],"transmitters.":[134],"Finally,":[135],"some":[136],"field":[137],"experiments":[138],"carried":[140],"out,":[141],"experimental":[144],"results":[145],"indicate":[146],"that":[147],"double-difference":[150],"measurements":[153],"only":[155],"four":[156],"transmitters,":[157],"position":[159],"root":[160],"mean":[161],"square":[162],"0.790m":[165],"achievable.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}