{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3034972720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/plans46316.2020.9110173","title":"Spoofing Detection by Distortion of the Correlation Function","display_name":"Spoofing Detection by Distortion of the Correlation Function","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3034972720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/plans46316.2020.9110173","mag":"3034972720"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/plans46316.2020.9110173","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/plans46316.2020.9110173","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008325405","display_name":"Michael L. Turner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2853-5632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94706221","display_name":"Airbus (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02hbhxa68","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121748","https://openalex.org/I94706221"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103167339","display_name":"Airbus (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8s1x79","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103167339","https://openalex.org/I4210121748"]}],"countries":["GB","IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Turner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Earth Observation, Navigation and Science Airbus Defence and Space,Portsmouth,UK","Earth Observation, Navigation and Science Airbus Defence and Space, Portsmouth, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth Observation, Navigation and Science Airbus Defence and Space,Portsmouth,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103167339","https://openalex.org/I94706221"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth Observation, Navigation and Science Airbus Defence and Space, Portsmouth, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94706221"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047221403","display_name":"S. Wimbush","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94706221","display_name":"Airbus (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02hbhxa68","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121748","https://openalex.org/I94706221"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103167339","display_name":"Airbus (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8s1x79","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103167339","https://openalex.org/I4210121748"]}],"countries":["GB","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Wimbush","raw_affiliation_strings":["Earth Observation, Navigation and Science Airbus Defence and Space,Portsmouth,UK","Earth Observation, Navigation and Science Airbus Defence and Space, Portsmouth, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth Observation, Navigation and Science Airbus Defence and Space,Portsmouth,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103167339","https://openalex.org/I94706221"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth Observation, Navigation and Science Airbus Defence and Space, Portsmouth, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94706221"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038891467","display_name":"Christoph Enneking","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6049-125X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161360","display_name":"Institute of Navigation","ror":"https://ror.org/05rmpy443","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161360"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Enneking","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Communications and Navigation DLR,Oberpfaffenhofen,Germany","Institute of Communications and Navigation DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Communications and Navigation DLR,Oberpfaffenhofen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161360"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Communications and Navigation DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065463190","display_name":"Andriy Konovaltsev","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161360","display_name":"Institute of Navigation","ror":"https://ror.org/05rmpy443","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161360"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andriy Konovaltsev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Communications and Navigation DLR,Oberpfaffenhofen,Germany","Institute of Communications and Navigation DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Communications and Navigation DLR,Oberpfaffenhofen,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161360"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Communications and Navigation DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008325405"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103167339","https://openalex.org/I94706221"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.1419,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97123708,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"566","last_page":"574"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9692000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9621000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.861907958984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7484859228134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6750553846359253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.5521683096885681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5460952520370483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-function","display_name":"Correlation function (quantum field theory)","score":0.49808788299560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4660070538520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.456399142742157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.27885860204696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.2701442837715149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23196488618850708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.20273560285568237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.15252059698104858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.861907958984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7484859228134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6750553846359253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.5521683096885681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5460952520370483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53622274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2496679","display_name":"Correlation function (quantum field theory)","level":3,"score":0.49808788299560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4660070538520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.456399142742157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.27885860204696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.2701442837715149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23196488618850708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.20273560285568237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.15252059698104858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168110828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331626","display_name":"Spectral density","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/plans46316.2020.9110173","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/plans46316.2020.9110173","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:136083","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PLANS46316.2020.9110173>.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2519272336","https://openalex.org/W2566510693","https://openalex.org/W2593150782","https://openalex.org/W2600863430","https://openalex.org/W2905422461","https://openalex.org/W2918082931","https://openalex.org/W3100615231","https://openalex.org/W3128947043","https://openalex.org/W6726649485","https://openalex.org/W6731781941","https://openalex.org/W6735954763"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3095455901","https://openalex.org/W4312670159","https://openalex.org/W3126564540","https://openalex.org/W2968223354","https://openalex.org/W3008363920","https://openalex.org/W2088717005","https://openalex.org/W3206448138","https://openalex.org/W4319430861","https://openalex.org/W3200530419","https://openalex.org/W4379876618"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Open":[0],"service":[1],"GNSS":[2,59,121,220],"signals":[3,12,38],"are":[4,13,48],"vulnerable":[5],"to":[6,15,25,109,138,199,204],"a":[7,18,55,83,96,102,120,131,145,172],"spoofing":[8,97,146],"attack":[9],"where":[10],"counterfeit":[11],"transmitted":[14],"deliberately":[16],"mislead":[17],"user":[19],"receiver.":[20],"When":[21],"the":[22,27,36,39,87,106,111,114,125,154,161,180,188,197,208,211],"spoofer":[23],"tries":[24],"capture":[26],"receiver's":[28],"tracking":[29,71],"loops":[30],"or":[31,44],"pull":[32],"them":[33],"away":[34],"from":[35,171],"genuine":[37],"correlation":[40,46,91,107],"function":[41,92,108],"becomes":[42],"distorted":[43],"multiple":[45],"peaks":[47],"present.":[49],"This":[50,201],"effect":[51],"is":[52,81,136,185],"utilised":[53],"by":[54,119],"special":[56],"class":[57],"of":[58,104,113,156,163,187,210],"receiver":[60,80,84],"which":[61],"uses":[62],"block":[63],"processing":[64],"with":[65,196],"FFT":[66],"correlators":[67],"on":[68],"each":[69],"satellite":[70,122],"channel.":[72],"The":[73,148],"Airbus":[74],"Multiple":[75],"Tracking":[76],"Locked":[77],"Loop":[78],"(MTLL)":[79],"such":[82],"and":[85,143,169,191],"has":[86,150],"full":[88],"2D":[89],"delay-Doppler":[90],"available.":[93],"To":[94],"detect":[95],"attack,":[98],"this":[99],"paper":[100],"proposes":[101],"method":[103,149,213],"decomposing":[105],"estimate":[110],"parameters":[112,127],"radio":[115],"propagation":[116],"channel":[117,126,141],"experienced":[118],"signal.":[123],"Once":[124],"have":[128,176],"been":[129,151,177],"established,":[130],"maximum":[132],"likelihood":[133],"ratio":[134],"test":[135,181],"performed":[137],"identify":[139],"anomalous":[140],"conditions":[142],"raise":[144],"alarm.":[147],"tested":[152],"against":[153],"simulations":[155],"representative":[157],"scenarios.":[158],"In":[159],"addition":[160],"University":[162],"Texas":[164],"Spoofing":[165],"Battery":[166],"data":[167,170],"sets":[168],"live":[173],"signal":[174],"testing":[175],"included.":[178],"From":[179],"results,":[182],"an":[183,215],"evaluation":[184],"made":[186],"false":[189],"alarm":[190],"missed":[192],"detection":[193],"probabilities":[194],"along":[195],"time":[198],"alert.":[200],"allows":[202],"conclusions":[203],"be":[205],"drawn":[206],"about":[207],"potential":[209],"proposed":[212],"as":[214],"anti-spoofing":[216],"countermeasure":[217],"in":[218],"safety-critical":[219],"applications.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-23T09:07:50.710637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}