{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3035245984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/plans46316.2020.9109958","title":"GNSS Spoofing Mitigation Using Multiple Receivers","display_name":"GNSS Spoofing Mitigation Using Multiple Receivers","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3035245984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/plans46316.2020.9109958","mag":"3035245984"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/plans46316.2020.9109958","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/plans46316.2020.9109958","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166531","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002085351","display_name":"Niklas Stenberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Niklas Stenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI),Dept. of Robust Telecommunications,Link&#x00F6;ping,Sweden","Dept. of Robust Telecommunications, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI),Dept. of Robust Telecommunications,Link&#x00F6;ping,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Robust Telecommunications, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068748857","display_name":"Erik Axell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-1121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Axell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI),Dept. of Robust Telecommunications,Link&#x00F6;ping,Sweden","Dept. of Robust Telecommunications, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI),Dept. of Robust Telecommunications,Link&#x00F6;ping,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Robust Telecommunications, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008830350","display_name":"Jouni Rantakokko","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291458624","display_name":"Swedish Defence Research Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/0470cgs30","country_code":"SE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jouni Rantakokko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI),Dept. of Robust Telecommunications,Link&#x00F6;ping,Sweden","Dept. of Robust Telecommunications, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI),Dept. of Robust Telecommunications,Link&#x00F6;ping,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Robust Telecommunications, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001137240","display_name":"Gustaf Hendeby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1971-4295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gustaf Hendeby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Link&#x00F6;ping University,Dept. of Electrical Engineering (ISY),Link&#x00F6;ping,Sweden","Dept. of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Link&#x00F6;ping University,Dept. of Electrical Engineering (ISY),Link&#x00F6;ping,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002085351"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291458624"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.433,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97410244,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"555","last_page":"565"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorange","display_name":"Pseudorange","score":0.9680230617523193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.935443639755249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.9247173070907593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6852924823760986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.48287609219551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.4371398389339447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19614776968955994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.174258291721344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174201072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187347","display_name":"Pseudorange","level":4,"score":0.9680230617523193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.935443639755249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9247173070907593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6852924823760986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.48287609219551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.4371398389339447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19614776968955994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.174258291721344}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/plans46316.2020.9109958","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/plans46316.2020.9109958","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:liu-166531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:liu-166531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58144561","https://openalex.org/W361457847","https://openalex.org/W1515647528","https://openalex.org/W1556811593","https://openalex.org/W1831208843","https://openalex.org/W2323113048","https://openalex.org/W2332630870","https://openalex.org/W2566510693","https://openalex.org/W2588292428","https://openalex.org/W2805781985","https://openalex.org/W2888273507","https://openalex.org/W2902276148","https://openalex.org/W2959240997","https://openalex.org/W2980050209","https://openalex.org/W3128947043","https://openalex.org/W4206180546","https://openalex.org/W6602398395","https://openalex.org/W6612252354","https://openalex.org/W6638527613","https://openalex.org/W6731781941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3095455901","https://openalex.org/W3216386610","https://openalex.org/W4312670159","https://openalex.org/W3126564540","https://openalex.org/W2796739365","https://openalex.org/W4239395258","https://openalex.org/W2602888279","https://openalex.org/W2955125114","https://openalex.org/W2968223354","https://openalex.org/W3204981892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"GNSS":[0,43],"receivers":[1,107],"are":[2,11,26,63,92,109],"vulnerable":[3],"to":[4,13,17,94,130],"spoofing":[5,29,49,67,149],"attacks,":[6],"where":[7,47],"false":[8,19],"satellite":[9],"signals":[10,150],"transmitted":[12],"trick":[14],"the":[15,48,56,66,96,123,165],"receiver":[16,118,153],"provide":[18],"position":[20],"and/or":[21],"time":[22,162],"estimates.":[23],"Novel":[24],"algorithms":[25],"proposed":[27,97],"for":[28,106],"mitigation":[30,100,147],"by":[31],"exchanging":[32],"double":[33,125],"differences":[34],"of":[35,90,120,136,148],"pseudorange,":[36,57],"or":[37],"carrier":[38,59,143],"phase,":[39,60],"measurements":[40,61,84,103],"between":[41,164],"multiple":[42],"receivers.":[44,166],"In":[45],"scenarios":[46],"system":[50],"utilizes":[51],"a":[52,79,87,117,159],"single":[53],"transmit":[54],"antenna,":[55],"and":[58,72,83],"that":[62,108],"associated":[64],"with":[65,78,86],"signal":[68],"can":[69],"be":[70],"detected":[71],"removed.":[73],"Simulated":[74],"meaconing":[75],"attacks":[76],"generated":[77],"Spirent":[80],"hardware":[81],"simulator":[82],"obtained":[85],"modified":[88],"version":[89],"GNSS-SDR":[91],"used":[93],"evaluate":[95],"algorithms.":[98],"Spoofing":[99],"using":[101],"pseudorange":[102,124],"is":[104,128],"possible,":[105],"separated":[110],"at":[111,133,151],"least":[112,134],"five":[113],"meters":[114],"apart.":[115],"With":[116],"separation":[119],"20":[121],"meters,":[122],"difference":[126],"algorithm":[127],"able":[129],"correctly":[131],"authenticate":[132],"six":[135],"seven":[137],"pseudoranges":[138],"within":[139],"30":[140],"seconds.":[141],"The":[142],"phase":[144],"approach":[145,157],"enables":[146],"shorter":[152],"distances.":[154],"However,":[155],"this":[156],"requires":[158],"more":[160],"accurate":[161],"synchronization":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
