{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2805107687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/plans.2018.8373384","title":"A smart phone based multi-floor indoor positioning system for occupancy detection","display_name":"A smart phone based multi-floor indoor positioning system for occupancy detection","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2805107687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/plans.2018.8373384","mag":"2805107687"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/plans.2018.8373384","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/plans.2018.8373384","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51816/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082755985","display_name":"Md. Shadab Mashuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7641-4865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md Shadab Mashuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nottingham Geospatial Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nottingham Geospatial Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014670814","display_name":"James Pinchin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6645-7212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Pinchin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Horizon Digital Economy Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Horizon Digital Economy Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047408988","display_name":"Peer\u2010Olaf Siebers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0603-5904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peer-Olaf Siebers","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003475182","display_name":"Terry Moore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6169-059X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Terry Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nottingham Geospatial Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nottingham Geospatial Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082755985"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7008,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85077747,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"216","last_page":"227"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9609000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9605000019073486,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupancy","display_name":"Occupancy","score":0.8745611906051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6122007369995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.5538462996482849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-positioning-system","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","score":0.5469106435775757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gyroscope","display_name":"Gyroscope","score":0.5412324070930481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-phone","display_name":"Mobile phone","score":0.4643118381500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phone","display_name":"Phone","score":0.4615168273448944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.4572668969631195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.4532308876514435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.435647577047348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.35058075189590454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architectural-engineering","display_name":"Architectural engineering","score":0.31003040075302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22772717475891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.21696287393569946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1799599528312683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.16721788048744202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160331591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075743","display_name":"Occupancy","level":2,"score":0.8745611906051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6122007369995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.5538462996482849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777486483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6026477","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","level":3,"score":0.5469106435775757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158488048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483400","display_name":"Gyroscope","level":2,"score":0.5412324070930481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777421447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517","display_name":"Mobile phone","level":2,"score":0.4643118381500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.4615168273448944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.4572668969631195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.4532308876514435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.435647577047348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.35058075189590454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.31003040075302124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22772717475891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.21696287393569946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1799599528312683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.16721788048744202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/plans.2018.8373384","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/plans.2018.8373384","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.nottingham.ac.uk:51816","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51816/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402013","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nottingham-repository.worktribe.com:936660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/936660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402483","display_name":"Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.nottingham.ac.uk:51816","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51816/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402013","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1558204028","https://openalex.org/W1579438189","https://openalex.org/W1654716554","https://openalex.org/W1890698066","https://openalex.org/W1956618308","https://openalex.org/W1972669681","https://openalex.org/W1974672376","https://openalex.org/W1993834473","https://openalex.org/W2016160677","https://openalex.org/W2020485207","https://openalex.org/W2031011191","https://openalex.org/W2042821893","https://openalex.org/W2043446799","https://openalex.org/W2044831755","https://openalex.org/W2072444897","https://openalex.org/W2077589412","https://openalex.org/W2079655686","https://openalex.org/W2088050110","https://openalex.org/W2125691646","https://openalex.org/W2134817596","https://openalex.org/W2146521180","https://openalex.org/W2147242149","https://openalex.org/W2154567554","https://openalex.org/W2155067987","https://openalex.org/W2162470836","https://openalex.org/W2182886880","https://openalex.org/W2189789452","https://openalex.org/W2190562344","https://openalex.org/W2222602778","https://openalex.org/W2279638338","https://openalex.org/W2313644479","https://openalex.org/W2563417884","https://openalex.org/W2565104410","https://openalex.org/W2592531347","https://openalex.org/W2768018028","https://openalex.org/W2963887447","https://openalex.org/W6654227448","https://openalex.org/W6670120068","https://openalex.org/W6689009783","https://openalex.org/W6730500219"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2786037296","https://openalex.org/W2105823187","https://openalex.org/W2287887375","https://openalex.org/W4297909420","https://openalex.org/W2900998454","https://openalex.org/W2141868140","https://openalex.org/W2206625722","https://openalex.org/W2743713674","https://openalex.org/W2079985134","https://openalex.org/W4313588348"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"At":[0],"present":[1],"there":[2],"is":[3,39,116],"significant":[4],"research":[5,137],"interest":[6,107],"in":[7,98,112,132,268],"simulating":[8],"building":[9,20,45,70,100,236],"environment":[10],"with":[11,171,204],"artificial":[12],"agents":[13],"and":[14,18,64,108,150,158,200,251],"predicting":[15],"energy":[16,36],"usage":[17],"other":[19,62],"performance":[21],"related":[22],"factors":[23],"that":[24,143],"helps":[25],"to":[26,41,68,104,125,165,208,228,246,263],"promote":[27],"understanding":[28,99,235],"of":[29,56,61,78,120,129,146,224,234,270,287],"more":[30],"sustainable":[31],"buildings.":[32],"To":[33],"understand":[34,42,69],"these":[35],"demands":[37],"it":[38,115],"important":[40,96],"how":[43],"the":[44,53,105,147,181,197,221,240,259,277,290],"spaces":[46],"are":[47,59,163],"being":[48,66,110],"used":[49,67],"by":[50],"individuals":[51],"i.e.":[52],"occupancy":[54,71,101],"pattern":[55],"individuals.":[57],"There":[58],"lots":[60],"sensors":[63,83],"methodology":[65,242],"such":[72,84],"as":[73,85],"PIR":[74],"sensors,":[75],"logging":[76],"information":[77],"Wi-Fi":[79,199],"APs":[80],"or":[81,87],"ambient":[82],"light":[86],"CO2":[88],"composition.":[89],"Indoor":[90],"positioning":[91,131,141,188,194,216,226,241,249],"can":[92,168],"also":[93,257],"play":[94],"an":[95,139],"role":[97],"pattern.":[102],"Due":[103],"growing":[106],"progress":[109],"made":[111],"this":[113],"field":[114],"only":[117],"a":[118,185,210,230,271],"matter":[119],"time":[121,183],"before":[122],"we":[123],"start":[124],"see":[126],"extensive":[127],"application":[128,223],"indoor":[130,140,215,225],"our":[133],"daily":[134,174],"lives.":[135],"This":[136],"proposes":[138],"system":[142,195],"makes":[144],"use":[145,247],"smart":[148,161],"phone":[149],"its":[151],"built-in":[152],"integrated":[153],"sensors;":[154],"Wi-Fi,":[155],"Bluetooth,":[156],"accelerometer":[157],"gyroscope.":[159],"Since":[160],"phones":[162],"easy":[164],"carry;":[166],"participants":[167],"carry":[169],"on":[170],"their":[172],"usual":[173],"work":[175],"without":[176],"any":[177],"distraction":[178],"but":[179,212],"at":[180],"same":[182],"provide":[184],"reliable":[186],"pedestrian":[187,205],"solution":[189],"for":[190],"detecting":[191],"occupancy.":[192,237],"The":[193,218],"uses":[196],"traditional":[198],"Bluetooth":[201],"fingerprinting":[202],"together":[203],"dead":[206],"reckoning":[207],"develop":[209],"cheap":[211],"effective":[213],"multi-floor":[214],"solution.":[217],"paper":[219,278],"discusses":[220,239,279],"novel":[222,260],"technology":[227],"solve":[229],"real":[231],"world":[232],"problem":[233],"It":[238,256],"adopted":[243],"when":[244],"trying":[245],"existing":[248],"algorithm":[250],"fusing":[252],"multiple":[253,295],"sensor":[254],"data.":[255],"describes":[258],"approach":[261],"taken":[262],"identify":[264],"step":[265],"like":[266],"motion":[267,288],"absence":[269],"foot":[272],"mounted":[273],"inertial":[274],"system.":[275],"Finally":[276],"results":[280],"from":[281],"limited":[282],"scale":[283],"trials":[284],"showing":[285],"trajectory":[286],"throughout":[289],"Nottingham":[291],"Geospatial":[292],"Building":[293],"covering":[294],"floors.":[296]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}