{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417282162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11275389","title":"Silent Threats, Smart Shields: A Dual-Strategy Framework Against Stealthy Attacks in EV Charging Systems","display_name":"Silent Threats, Smart Shields: A Dual-Strategy Framework Against Stealthy Attacks in EV Charging Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417282162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11275389"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11275389","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11275389","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 36th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014350012","display_name":"Mohammed Almehdhar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7012-6700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Almehdhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamad Bin Khalifa University,Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering,Doha,Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamad Bin Khalifa University,Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering,Doha,Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048768303","display_name":"Abdullatif Albaseer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6886-6500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullatif Albaseer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamad Bin Khalifa University,Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering,Doha,Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamad Bin Khalifa University,Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering,Doha,Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008695053","display_name":"Ala Al\u2010Fuqaha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-1204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ala Al-Fuqaha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamad Bin Khalifa University,Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering,Doha,Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamad Bin Khalifa University,Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering,Doha,Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037234286","display_name":"Mohamed Abdallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3261-7588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Abdallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamad Bin Khalifa University,Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering,Doha,Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamad Bin Khalifa University,Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering,Doha,Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.8916000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.8916000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.03799999877810478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11249","display_name":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","score":0.015399999916553497,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.645799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5462999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5454000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.43650001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overburden","display_name":"Overburden","score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.32170000672340393}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6960999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.645799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5462999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5454000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4634000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.43650001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777201227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331224","display_name":"Overburden","level":2,"score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781215313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493345","display_name":"SPARK (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777655017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501161","display_name":"Toolbox","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11275389","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11275389","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 36th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2105953884","https://openalex.org/W2588734850","https://openalex.org/W2794688860","https://openalex.org/W2952348579","https://openalex.org/W2991722918","https://openalex.org/W3010556335","https://openalex.org/W3153591500","https://openalex.org/W3165878961","https://openalex.org/W3179072397","https://openalex.org/W4284703709","https://openalex.org/W4286111065","https://openalex.org/W4383901257","https://openalex.org/W4385349628","https://openalex.org/W4396941405","https://openalex.org/W4401155414"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"electric":[1],"vehicle":[2],"charging":[3,14,53],"stations":[4],"(EVCSs)":[5],"are":[6],"crucial":[7],"in":[8,55,191],"advancing":[9],"sustainable":[10],"transportation":[11],"by":[12],"scheduling":[13],"based":[15],"on":[16,25,82,147],"user":[17],"preferences":[18],"and":[19,61,116,174,213],"grid":[20],"constraints.":[21],"However,":[22],"their":[23],"reliance":[24],"digital":[26],"communication":[27],"makes":[28,90],"them":[29,91],"vulnerable":[30],"to":[31,41,45,73,101,129,169],"attacks":[32,87,133],"that":[33,57,113],"can":[34,50],"shift":[35],"the":[36,63,66,153,172,197],"EV":[37],"aggregator\u2019s":[38],"load":[39],"profile":[40],"different":[42,216],"times,":[43],"leading":[44],"substantial":[46],"financial":[47],"losses.":[48],"They":[49],"also":[51],"alter":[52],"times":[54],"ways":[56],"degrade":[58],"battery":[59],"health":[60],"overburden":[62],"grid.":[64],"Although":[65],"existing":[67,192],"literature":[68],"has":[69,80],"explored":[70],"various":[71],"strategies":[72],"mitigate":[74],"these":[75,106],"risks,":[76],"most":[77],"prior":[78],"work":[79],"focused":[81],"simple,":[83],"handcrafted":[84],"charge":[85],"manipulation":[86],"(CMAs).":[88],"This":[89,165],"often":[92],"fall":[93],"short":[94],"when":[95],"confronted":[96],"with":[97],"artificially":[98],"intelligent":[99],"methods":[100],"remain":[102],"undetected.":[103],"To":[104],"address":[105],"limitations,":[107],"we":[108,123,142],"propose":[109],"a":[110],"novel":[111],"framework":[112],"both":[114],"generates":[115],"defends":[117],"against":[118,219],"highly":[119,220],"evasive":[120,221],"CMAs.":[121,222],"First,":[122],"utilize":[124],"deep":[125],"reinforcement":[126],"learning":[127],"(DRL)":[128],"craft":[130],"advanced,":[131],"stealthy":[132],"capable":[134],"of":[135,157,176,200,210],"bypassing":[136],"intrusion":[137],"detection":[138,173,208],"systems":[139],"(IDS).":[140],"Second,":[141],"introduce":[143],"an":[144],"IDS":[145,168,206],"built":[146],"LSTM":[148],"variational":[149],"autoencoders,":[150],"which":[151,186],"captures":[152],"nuanced":[154],"temporal":[155],"dependencies":[156],"smart":[158],"CMAs,":[159],"as":[160,162],"well":[161],"intricate":[163],"patterns.":[164],"enables":[166],"our":[167,201,205],"significantly":[170],"enhance":[171],"mitigation":[175],"complex":[177],"threats.":[178],"We":[179],"conduct":[180],"extensive":[181],"simulations":[182],"using":[183],"real-world":[184],"datasets,":[185],"reveal":[187],"critical":[188],"security":[189],"gaps":[190],"benchmark":[193],"approaches":[194],"while":[195],"highlighting":[196],"strong":[198],"performance":[199],"proposed":[202],"framework.":[203],"Notably,":[204],"achieves":[207],"accuracies":[209],"0.97,":[211],"0.96,":[212],"0.96":[214],"across":[215],"scenarios,":[217],"even":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-12-12T00:00:00"}