{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417282478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11274788","title":"Harmonizing Flexibility and Intelligence: RIS-Aided Flexible Intelligent Metasurface Systems","display_name":"Harmonizing Flexibility and Intelligence: RIS-Aided Flexible Intelligent Metasurface Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417282478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11274788"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11274788","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11274788","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 36th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078312436","display_name":"Hosein Zarini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4049-3997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96749437","display_name":"Texas A&M University \u2013 Corpus Christi","ror":"https://ror.org/01mrfdz82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96749437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hosein Zarini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University,Corpus Christi,TX,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University,Corpus Christi,TX,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96749437"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119739913","display_name":"S. Mohsen Kazemi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96749437","display_name":"Texas A&M University \u2013 Corpus Christi","ror":"https://ror.org/01mrfdz82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96749437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Mohsen Kazemi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University,Corpus Christi,TX,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University,Corpus Christi,TX,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96749437"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076587013","display_name":"Mehdi Sookhak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5822-3432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96749437","display_name":"Texas A&M University \u2013 Corpus Christi","ror":"https://ror.org/01mrfdz82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96749437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Sookhak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University,Corpus Christi,TX,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University,Corpus Christi,TX,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96749437"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014049864","display_name":"Ali Ghrayeb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6808-5886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Ghrayeb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamad Bin Khalifa University,Qatar Foundation,Doha,Qatar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamad Bin Khalifa University,Qatar Foundation,Doha,Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108520085","display_name":"Marco Di Renzo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097418","display_name":"Laboratoire des signaux et syst\u00e8mes","ror":"https://ror.org/00skw9v43","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210097418","https://openalex.org/I4210107720"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Di Renzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Université Paris-Saclay,CNRS, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes,Gif-Sur-Yvette,France,91192"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Université Paris-Saclay,CNRS, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes,Gif-Sur-Yvette,France,91192","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097418","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078312436"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96749437"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39356571,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.6456999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.4602999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4296000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.414900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.41269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.41179999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6456999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6402999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.4602999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4562999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4296000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.414900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.41269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.400299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172191483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071806","display_name":"Provisioning","level":2,"score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3472000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41700454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1852282","display_name":"Reflection coefficient","level":2,"score":0.3296000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781089630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21856745","display_name":"Realization (probability)","level":2,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133833761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16001847","display_name":"Admittance parameters","level":3,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11274788","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11274788","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 36th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1429299901","https://openalex.org/W2195693430","https://openalex.org/W2560751899","https://openalex.org/W4296552404","https://openalex.org/W4313590993","https://openalex.org/W4315630028","https://openalex.org/W4387870480","https://openalex.org/W4396753556","https://openalex.org/W4401567993","https://openalex.org/W4406727975","https://openalex.org/W4406754101","https://openalex.org/W4408324568","https://openalex.org/W4408325233","https://openalex.org/W4410640243"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Composed":[0],"of":[1,4,22,53,67,96,116,137,183,191,208,215],"an":[2,49,85,156,231],"array":[3],"low-cost":[5],"radiating":[6],"elements,":[7],"flexible":[8],"intelligent":[9,70],"metasurfaces":[10],"(FIMs)":[11],"can":[12],"adaptively":[13],"morph":[14],"their":[15],"surface":[16,71],"shapes":[17],"by":[18,201],"adjusting":[19],"the":[20,25,29,65,80,93,98,119,126,134,138,174,177,181,184,187,192,197,206,209,213,244],"positions":[21],"elements":[23],"along":[24],"direction":[26],"perpendicular":[27],"to":[28,73,107,125,195,223],"surface.":[30],"This":[31,46,103],"adaptive":[32,50],"morphing,":[33],"not":[34],"only":[35],"enhances":[36],"wireless":[37,55],"channel":[38],"conditions,":[39],"but":[40],"also":[41],"significantly":[42,219],"curtails":[43],"power":[44,122,247],"consumption.":[45],"paper":[47],"conducts":[48],"performance":[51],"analysis":[52],"a":[54,59,68,145,161,234,252],"system,":[56],"in":[57,237],"which":[58,171],"FIM-equipped":[60],"base":[61],"station":[62],"(BS)":[63],"leverages":[64],"presence":[66],"reconfigurable":[69],"(RIS)":[72],"facilitate":[74],"downlink":[75],"transmission.":[76],"To":[77,154],"rigorously":[78],"evaluate":[79],"system\u2019s":[81],"efficiency,":[82],"we":[83,140,159,204],"formulate":[84],"optimization":[86,131],"problem":[87],"centered":[88],"on":[89,111,169],"resource":[90],"allocation,":[91],"with":[92],"primary":[94],"objective":[95],"maximizing":[97],"network":[99,239],"achievable":[100,238],"data":[101,240],"rate.":[102],"maximization":[104],"is":[105,249],"subject":[106],"multiple":[108],"constraints,":[109],"especially":[110],"stringent":[112],"quality-of-service":[113],"(QoS)":[114],"requirements":[115],"users":[117],"and":[118,133,186],"BS":[120,178,245],"finite":[121],"budget.":[123],"Due":[124],"highly":[127],"intricate":[128],"interdependencies":[129],"among":[130],"variables":[132],"inherent":[135],"non-convexity":[136],"problem,":[139],"strategically":[141],"reformulate":[142],"it":[143],"as":[144],"Markov":[146],"decision":[147,175],"process":[148],"(MDP),":[149],"encapsulating":[150],"its":[151,221],"dynamic":[152],"characteristics.":[153],"derive":[155],"optimal":[157],"solution,":[158],"train":[160],"deep":[162],"deterministic":[163],"policy":[164],"gradient":[165],"(DDPG)":[166],"agent,":[167],"relying":[168],"MDP,":[170],"simultaneously":[172],"optimizes":[173],"variables:":[176],"transmit":[179,246],"beamforming,":[180],"morphology":[182],"FIM":[185],"reflection":[188],"coefficient":[189],"matrix":[190],"RIS.":[193],"Furthermore,":[194],"accommodate":[196],"real-world":[198],"challenges":[199],"imposed":[200],"user":[202],"mobility,":[203],"enhance":[205],"generalization":[207],"DDPG":[210],"model":[211],"through":[212],"integration":[214],"meta-learning":[216],"technique,":[217],"thereby":[218],"improving":[220],"adaptability":[222],"system":[224],"variations.":[225],"Numerical":[226],"evaluations":[227],"affirm":[228],"that":[229],"incorporating":[230],"RIS":[232],"yields":[233],"pronounced":[235],"improvement":[236],"rate,":[241],"particularly":[242],"when":[243],"budget":[248],"maintained":[250],"within":[251],"moderate":[253],"operational":[254],"range.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-12-12T00:00:00"}