{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417282918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11274626","title":"Intelligent Radio-Protocol Recognition Leveraging SDR and a Transformer Network","display_name":"Intelligent Radio-Protocol Recognition Leveraging SDR and a Transformer Network","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417282918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11274626"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11274626","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11274626","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 36th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025633389","display_name":"Akimun Jannat Alvina","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Akimun Jannat Alvina","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Standards and Technology,Communications Technology Laboratory,Boulder,CO,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Standards and Technology,Communications Technology Laboratory,Boulder,CO,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101467756","display_name":"Yao Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2889-5518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Standards and Technology,Communications Technology Laboratory,Boulder,CO,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Standards and Technology,Communications Technology Laboratory,Boulder,CO,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027920617","display_name":"Nadia Yoza-Mitsuishi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7805-5445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadia P. Yoza-Mitsuishi","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Standards and Technology,Communications Technology Laboratory,Boulder,CO,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Standards and Technology,Communications Technology Laboratory,Boulder,CO,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078588560","display_name":"Susanna Mosleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3813-4971"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susanna Mosleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Standards and Technology,Communications Technology Laboratory,Boulder,CO,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Standards and Technology,Communications Technology Laboratory,Boulder,CO,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025633389"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43119252,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.32350000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.32350000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.18000000715255737,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.07980000227689743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5960999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5532000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.47269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4113999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wi-fi","display_name":"Wi-Fi","score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.3271999955177307}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7253000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5960999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5532000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.49540001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.47269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4465999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4113999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C508800617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29643","display_name":"Wi-Fi","level":4,"score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92545706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902174","display_name":"Radio spectrum","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121286152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8026893","display_name":"Wireless intrusion prevention system","level":5,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989466925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061197","display_name":"Radio networks","level":4,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985434377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212607","display_name":"Wireless lan","level":3,"score":0.25189998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156778621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365748","display_name":"Spectrum (functional analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11274626","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11274626","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 36th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2272847350","https://openalex.org/W2591951844","https://openalex.org/W2785648464","https://openalex.org/W2889741439","https://openalex.org/W3187344775","https://openalex.org/W4206998227","https://openalex.org/W4285047783","https://openalex.org/W4293195393","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4401508410","https://openalex.org/W4408199582"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spectrum":[0],"sharing":[1],"enables":[2],"multiple":[3],"wireless":[4,36],"technologies\u2014either":[5],"from":[6],"different":[7,14],"standards":[8],"(e.g.,":[9,20],"4G":[10],"and":[11,140,171,174,201],"5G)":[12],"or":[13],"protocols":[15],"of":[16,24,81,94,160],"the":[17,28,106],"same":[18,29],"standard":[19],"IEEE":[21],"802.11":[22],"family":[23],"protocols)\u2014to":[25],"operate":[26],"within":[27],"frequency":[30],"band":[31],"with":[32,41,149,169,185],"minimal":[33,186],"interference.":[34],"A":[35],"system":[37],"that":[38,78,176,192,202],"shares":[39],"spectrum":[40,47,72,144,194],"signal/protocol":[42],"awareness":[43],"can":[44,208],"allocate":[45],"more":[46],"for":[48,60,121],"dynamic":[49],"channel":[50],"access.":[51],"This":[52],"paper":[53,100],"introduces":[54],"a":[55,117],"Transformer-Based":[56,167],"algorithm":[57],"developed":[58],"specifically":[59],"Wireless":[61],"Local":[62],"Area":[63],"Network":[64],"(WLAN)":[65],"radio":[66],"protocol":[67,115,122,182],"recognition,":[68,183],"leveraging":[69],"low-cost":[70,199],"SDR-based":[71,143],"sensing":[73,195],"capabilities.":[74],"Unlike":[75],"traditional":[76],"approaches":[77],"require":[79],"gigabytes":[80],"training":[82,187],"data,":[83],"our":[84,166],"method":[85],"achieves":[86],"satisfactory":[87],"results":[88],"using":[89,116,154,198],"only":[90,111],"100k":[91],"(approximately":[92],"100\u2013400megabytes":[93],"data)":[95],"samples":[96,113],"in":[97,181],"total.":[98],"The":[99],"makes":[101],"three":[102],"key":[103],"contributions:":[104],"First,":[105],"model":[107,168],"is":[108,196],"trained":[109,204],"on":[110,205],"33k":[112],"per":[114],"customized":[118],"Transformer":[119],"tailored":[120],"classification.":[123],"Second,":[124],"over-the-air":[125],"test":[126],"datasets":[127,207],"demonstrated":[128],"near-perfect":[129],"detection":[130,158,211],"accuracy":[131,159],"(exceeding":[132],"99%)":[133],"at":[134,161],"20":[135],"dB":[136],"signal-to-noise":[137],"ratio":[138],"(SNR)":[139],"above,":[141],"enabling":[142],"sensing.":[145],"Third,":[146],"experiments":[147],"conducted":[148],"real":[150],"WLAN":[151],"traffic":[152],"generated":[153],"development":[155],"boards":[156],"achieved":[157],"least":[162],"96%.":[163],"We":[164],"compared":[165],"CNN":[170],"MLP":[172],"classifiers":[173],"found":[175],"it":[177],"consistently":[178],"outperformed":[179],"them":[180],"even":[184],"data.":[188],"Our":[189],"findings":[190],"suggest":[191],"intelligent":[193],"achievable":[197],"devices,":[200],"algorithms":[203],"compact":[206],"attain":[209],"state-of-the-art":[210],"accuracy.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-12-12T00:00:00"}