{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417281947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11274578","title":"Energy-Saving in 5G Open Radio Access Network with Deep Q-Learning Sleep Mode Control","display_name":"Energy-Saving in 5G Open Radio Access Network with Deep Q-Learning Sleep Mode Control","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417281947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11274578"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11274578","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11274578","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 36th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/77602.html>,","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuri Jeon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuri Jeon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038909502","display_name":"Attai Ibrahim Abubakar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3288-4950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Attai Abubakar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071447094","display_name":"Rana Muhammad Sohaib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5132-2654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rana Muhammad Sohaib","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001835000","display_name":"Shuja Ansari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2071-0264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuja Ansari","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001046536","display_name":"Yusuf Sambo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8760-6800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusuf Sambo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060781535","display_name":"Oluwakayode Onireti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0564-0333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oluwakayode Onireti","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103112487","display_name":"Muhammad Imran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7122-8454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Imran","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39863413,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.6516000032424927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.6516000032424927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.1875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.023499999195337296,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-mode","display_name":"Sleep mode","score":0.7077999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5101000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.49729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4569000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-control","display_name":"Power control","score":0.40220001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.399399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-access-network","display_name":"Radio access network","score":0.38179999589920044}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57149124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q587346","display_name":"Sleep mode","level":4,"score":0.7077999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6248000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5101000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.49729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4887999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4569000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.41350001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.40220001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.399399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106365562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3078360","display_name":"Radio access network","level":4,"score":0.38179999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.36149999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182448111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7281197","display_name":"Radio resource management","level":4,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.34529998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11274578","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc62392.2025.11274578","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 36th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:361321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/77602.html>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:361321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/77602.html>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,81,151],"Open":[1],"Radio":[2,99],"Access":[3],"Network":[4],"(O-RAN)":[5],"architecture":[6],"offers":[7],"an":[8],"innovative":[9],"approach":[10],"to":[11,35,90,98,104,111,117,165],"wireless":[12],"network":[13,25],"design":[14],"by":[15],"enabling":[16],"multi-vendor":[17],"compatibility":[18],"and":[19,27,54,77,108,130,147],"dynamic":[20,144],"resource":[21],"allocation.":[22],"However,":[23],"extensive":[24],"configurations":[26],"high":[28],"data":[29],"traffic":[30,52,145],"volumes":[31],"present":[32],"significant":[33,68],"challenges":[34],"its":[36],"sustainability":[37],"in":[38,44,115,121],"terms":[39],"of":[40,79],"energy":[41,69,119,162],"consumption.":[42],"Therefore,":[43],"this":[45],"study,":[46],"we":[47],"develop":[48],"a":[49,85],"5G":[50],"O-RAN":[51],"steering":[53,146],"sleep":[55,148],"mode":[56,149],"control":[57],"system":[58,138],"based":[59],"on":[60],"Deep":[61],"Q-Learning":[62],"(DQN),":[63],"targeting":[64],"low-traffic":[65],"scenarios":[66],"where":[67],"savings":[70,120,163],"can":[71],"be":[72],"achieved":[73],"through":[74],"selective":[75],"activation":[76],"deactivation":[78],"devices.":[80],"proposed":[82,157],"scheme":[83],"leverages":[84],"deep":[86],"reinforcement":[87],"learning":[88],"algorithm":[89],"optimize":[91],"the":[92,137,156,166],"mappings":[93],"from":[94,102,109],"User":[95],"Equipments":[96],"(UEs)":[97],"Units":[100,106,113],"(RUs),":[101],"RUs":[103],"Distributed":[105],"(DUs),":[107],"DUs":[110],"Centralized":[112],"(CUs),":[114],"order":[116],"maximize":[118],"O-RAN.":[122],"Using":[123],"UE":[124],"Reference":[125],"Signal":[126],"Received":[127],"Power":[128],"(RSRP)":[129],"RU":[131],"load":[132],"levels":[133],"as":[134],"input":[135],"states,":[136],"generates":[139],"energy-efficient":[140],"mapping":[141,158],"actions":[142],"for":[143],"control.":[150],"simulation":[152],"results":[153],"demonstrate":[154],"that":[155],"methods":[159],"achieve":[160],"5\u223c12%":[161],"compared":[164],"benchmark":[167],"scenario.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-12-12T00:00:00"}