{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405974596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc59610.2024.10817328","title":"Transformer Neural Network-Based Behavioral Modeling and Predistortion for Wideband Power Amplifiers","display_name":"Transformer Neural Network-Based Behavioral Modeling and Predistortion for Wideband Power Amplifiers","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405974596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc59610.2024.10817328"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc59610.2024.10817328","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc59610.2024.10817328","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 35th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104189700","display_name":"Lesthuruge Silva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lesthuruge Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univeristy of Oulu,Centre for Wireless Communications,Oulu,Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univeristy of Oulu,Centre for Wireless Communications,Oulu,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102572840","display_name":"Ambagahawela Rathnayake","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ambagahawela Rathnayake","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univeristy of Oulu,Centre for Wireless Communications,Oulu,Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univeristy of Oulu,Centre for Wireless Communications,Oulu,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075505731","display_name":"Hossein Rezaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4065-5998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hossein Rezaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univeristy of Oulu,Centre for Wireless Communications,Oulu,Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univeristy of Oulu,Centre for Wireless Communications,Oulu,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009064777","display_name":"Nandana Rajatheva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7029-5583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nandana Rajatheva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univeristy of Oulu,Centre for Wireless Communications,Oulu,Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univeristy of Oulu,Centre for Wireless Communications,Oulu,Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104189700"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4077,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82436073,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11248","display_name":"Advanced Power Amplifier Design","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11248","display_name":"Advanced Power Amplifier Design","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9251000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predistortion","display_name":"Predistortion","score":0.9501169919967651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.762374997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wideband","display_name":"Wideband","score":0.6538527011871338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5679962635040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5532134771347046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5279649496078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavioral-modeling","display_name":"Behavioral modeling","score":0.5158459544181824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor-array","display_name":"Transistor array","score":0.5036856532096863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.46318602561950684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.32664889097213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23706242442131042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12900090217590332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.1283411681652069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.10830625891685486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778587875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239686","display_name":"Predistortion","level":4,"score":0.9501169919967651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.762374997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4524457","display_name":"Wideband","level":2,"score":0.6538527011871338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5679962635040283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5532134771347046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5279649496078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78639753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3318160","display_name":"Behavioral modeling","level":2,"score":0.5158459544181824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170523978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834316","display_name":"Transistor array","level":4,"score":0.5036856532096863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.46318602561950684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.32664889097213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23706242442131042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12900090217590332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.1283411681652069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.10830625891685486}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc59610.2024.10817328","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc59610.2024.10817328","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 35th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995800056","https://openalex.org/W2113882717","https://openalex.org/W2136141574","https://openalex.org/W2161181093","https://openalex.org/W2171395034","https://openalex.org/W2464816413","https://openalex.org/W2808644149","https://openalex.org/W2911654923","https://openalex.org/W2953218665","https://openalex.org/W3128855577","https://openalex.org/W3162542754","https://openalex.org/W3214155131","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6780226713"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2079298985","https://openalex.org/W1984632264","https://openalex.org/W2782736309","https://openalex.org/W2276148025","https://openalex.org/W1999598342","https://openalex.org/W2559032902","https://openalex.org/W2361071129","https://openalex.org/W2331502016","https://openalex.org/W2887728982","https://openalex.org/W1927856243"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,83],"work":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,44,49,65,76,89,108,157,196],"applicability":[4,127],"of":[5,15,36,46,107],"transformer":[6,26,50,77,91,100],"neural":[7],"networks":[8],"(NNs)":[9],"for":[10,102,116],"behavioral":[11,57,103],"modeling":[12,58,63,106],"and":[13,59,104,182],"predistortion":[14,61],"wideband":[16,117],"power":[17],"amplifiers":[18],"(PAs).":[19],"We":[20],"propose":[21],"an":[22],"augmented":[23],"real-valued":[24],"time-delay":[25],"NN":[27,51],"(RTDTNN)":[28],"model":[29,41,101,112,159,192],"that":[30,156],"outperforms":[31],"state-of-the-art":[32,197],"models":[33],"in":[34,56,64,128],"terms":[35],"performance":[37,96],"while":[38,188],"utilizing":[39,189],"fewer":[40,191],"coefficients.":[42],"To":[43],"best":[45],"our":[47],"knowledge,":[48],"has":[52],"not":[53],"been":[54],"utilized":[55],"digital":[60],"(DPD)":[62],"literature.":[66],"Therefore,":[67],"this":[68,81],"study":[69,84],"introduces":[70,85],"a":[71,98,142],"new":[72],"approach":[73],"based":[74,140],"on":[75,141],"architecture":[78],"to":[79,88,93,171,179,186,195],"fill":[80],"void.":[82],"architectural":[86],"modifications":[87],"vanilla":[90],"structure":[92],"achieve":[94],"high":[95,161],"with":[97,151],"simplified":[99],"DPD":[105],"PA.":[109],"The":[110,137],"RTDTNN":[111,158],"is":[113,123],"more":[114],"suited":[115],"PA":[118,154],"linearization":[119,162],"where":[120],"memory":[121],"depth":[122],"high,":[124],"indicating":[125],"potential":[126],"high-bandwidth":[129],"requirements":[130],"posed":[131],"by":[132],"beyond":[133],"5G":[134],"communication":[135],"networks.":[136],"experimental":[138],"results":[139],"$100":[143],"\\mathbf{M":[144],"H":[145],"z}":[146],"5":[147],"\\mathbf{G}$-like":[148],"OFDM":[149],"signal":[150],"LDMOS":[152],"Doherty":[153],"show":[155],"exhibits":[160],"performance,":[163],"improving":[164],"mean":[165],"ACPR":[166],"from":[167,176,184],"$-28.85":[168],"\\mathbf{d":[169,173],"B}$":[170],"$-42.77":[172],"B}$,":[174],"NMSE":[175],"-21.51":[177],"dB":[178],"-42.10":[180],"dB,":[181],"EVM":[183],"6.62%":[185],"0.35%,":[187],"42.15%":[190],"coefficients":[193],"compared":[194],"ARVTDNN":[198],"approach.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-22T08:38:42.863108","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}