{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388040417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc56721.2023.10294059","title":"CSI of Each Subcarrier is a Fingerprint: Multi-Carrier Cumulative Learning Based Positioning in Massive MIMO Systems","display_name":"CSI of Each Subcarrier is a Fingerprint: Multi-Carrier Cumulative Learning Based Positioning in Massive MIMO Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388040417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc56721.2023.10294059"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc56721.2023.10294059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc56721.2023.10294059","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 34th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069404551","display_name":"Zirui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3748-2211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zirui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University,College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering,Hangzhou,China,310027","Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Info. Proc., Commun. & Netw. (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China","International Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Haining, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University,College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering,Hangzhou,China,310027","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Info. Proc., Commun. & Netw. (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100751311","display_name":"Zhaoyang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2346-6228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoyang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University,College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering,Hangzhou,China,310027","International Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Info. Proc., Commun. & Netw. (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University,College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering,Hangzhou,China,310027","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Info. Proc., Commun. & Netw. (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073520140","display_name":"Zhuoran Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0365-5398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuoran Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University,College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering,Hangzhou,China,310027","Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Info. Proc., Commun. & Netw. (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China","International Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Haining, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University,College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering,Hangzhou,China,310027","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Info. Proc., Commun. & Netw. (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009831907","display_name":"Chuanzhi Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuanzhi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University,College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering,Hangzhou,China,310027","Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Info. Proc., Commun. & Netw. (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China","International Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Haining, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University,College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering,Hangzhou,China,310027","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Info. Proc., Commun. & Netw. (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066878475","display_name":"Zhaohui Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-589X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaohui Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University,College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering,Hangzhou,China,310027","International Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Info. Proc., Commun. & Netw. (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University,College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering,Hangzhou,China,310027","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Info. Proc., Commun. & Netw. (IPCAN), Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subcarrier","display_name":"Subcarrier","score":0.8261824250221252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7679075002670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.6732974052429199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.5488132834434509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.5003371238708496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","score":0.49968981742858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47496601939201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.44566619396209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.332566499710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.2839006185531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2541965842247009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.14098790287971497}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198329298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586358","display_name":"Subcarrier","level":4,"score":0.8261824250221252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7679075002670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.6732974052429199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5488132834434509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5003371238708496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.49968981742858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47496601939201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.44566619396209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.332566499710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2839006185531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2541965842247009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.14098790287971497}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc56721.2023.10294059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc56721.2023.10294059","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 34th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W2143228105","https://openalex.org/W2343448572","https://openalex.org/W2792367815","https://openalex.org/W2796919480","https://openalex.org/W2901531104","https://openalex.org/W2962927793","https://openalex.org/W2967981090","https://openalex.org/W2971911836","https://openalex.org/W3039795369","https://openalex.org/W3134406316","https://openalex.org/W4226060947","https://openalex.org/W4288574671","https://openalex.org/W4323338218","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6759127422"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501039677","https://openalex.org/W3161598161","https://openalex.org/W2306672848","https://openalex.org/W2128552819","https://openalex.org/W2166250390","https://openalex.org/W2055131418","https://openalex.org/W4291701075","https://openalex.org/W2059045613","https://openalex.org/W884630482","https://openalex.org/W2155294209"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Viewing":[0],"channel":[1],"state":[2],"information":[3],"(CSI)":[4],"as":[5],"a":[6,13,103,110,121,177,237],"fingerprint":[7,105],"to":[8,147,152,160,189,210],"infer":[9],"user":[10,107],"position":[11,108,161,174,219],"is":[12,40,77,102],"promising":[14],"technology.":[15],"Recently,":[16],"with":[17,53,225,235],"the":[18,25,35,44,63,67,71,74,86,97,136,139,155,165,172,181,185,190,196,211,217,226,232],"help":[19],"of":[20,27,37,46,66,99,106,133,157,192,239],"deep":[21],"learning":[22,128,135,197],"(DL)":[23],"methods,":[24,213],"performance":[26,36,52,234],"CSI-based":[28],"positioning":[29,122],"has":[30,57],"been":[31],"further":[32],"improved.":[33],"However,":[34],"DL":[38],"methods":[39],"highly":[41],"dependent":[42],"on":[43,125,201],"number":[45],"training":[47,55,228,240],"samples.":[48,241],"Thus,":[49],"achieving":[50],"high":[51],"limited":[54],"samples":[56,229],"become":[58],"an":[59,78],"important":[60],"topic.":[61],"Analyzing":[62],"prior":[64,72],"properties":[65],"task":[68],"and":[69,91,162,203],"introducing":[70],"into":[73],"neural":[75,129],"network":[76,130],"effective":[79],"means.":[80],"In":[81],"this":[82,117],"paper,":[83],"by":[84,221],"analyzing":[85],"physical":[87],"correlation":[88],"between":[89],"CSI":[90,98,146,156,187,191],"position,":[92,148],"we":[93,119],"point":[94],"out":[95],"that":[96,208],"each":[100,158,169,193],"subcarrier":[101,159,170],"valid":[104],"in":[109],"massive":[111],"multiple-input":[112],"multiple-output":[113],"(MIMO)":[114],"system.":[115],"With":[116],"property,":[118],"propose":[120],"scheme":[123],"based":[124],"multi-carrier":[126],"cumulative":[127],"(MCCNet).":[131],"Instead":[132],"directly":[134],"mapping":[137],"from":[138,154,168,184],"entire":[140,186],"MIMO-orthogonal":[141],"frequency":[142],"division":[143],"multiplexing":[144],"(OFDM)":[145],"MCCNet":[149,214],"first":[150],"learns":[151],"map":[153],"then":[163],"accumulates":[164],"extracted":[166],"features":[167],"for":[171],"final":[173],"inference.":[175],"This":[176],"priori":[178],"design":[179],"makes":[180],"feature":[182],"extraction":[183],"downsize":[188],"subcarrier,":[194],"reducing":[195],"burden.":[198],"Simulation":[199],"experiments":[200],"line-of-sight":[202],"non-line-of-sight":[204],"scenarios":[205],"both":[206],"show":[207],"compared":[209],"existing":[212],"can":[215],"reduce":[216],"averaged":[218],"error":[220],"at":[222],"least":[223],"53%":[224],"same":[227,233],"or":[230],"achieve":[231],"only":[236],"quarter":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
