{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312286191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc54779.2022.9978007","title":"3D Printing Antennas for 5G and Millimeter Wave 6G Applications","display_name":"3D Printing Antennas for 5G and Millimeter Wave 6G Applications","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312286191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc54779.2022.9978007"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc54779.2022.9978007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc54779.2022.9978007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605306","display_name":"2022 IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100436436","display_name":"Siyu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7314-3649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Siyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Kent,Division of Computing,Canterbury,UK","Division of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Kent,Division of Computing,Canterbury,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069082022","display_name":"Peter Njogu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1198-7299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Njogu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Kent,Division of Computing,Canterbury,UK","Division of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Kent,Division of Computing,Canterbury,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047508391","display_name":"Benito Sanz-Izquierdo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7313-2520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benito Sanz Izquierdo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Kent,Division of Computing,Canterbury,UK","Division of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Kent,Division of Computing,Canterbury,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004010850","display_name":"Steven Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7402-9223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Kent,Division of Computing,Canterbury,UK","Division of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Kent,Division of Computing,Canterbury,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078343219","display_name":"Zhijiao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4823-5450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijiao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Department of Electronic Engineering,Beijing,China","Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Department of Electronic Engineering,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100436436"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3119,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94665545,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.6128415465354919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.5940055847167969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fabrication","display_name":"Fabrication","score":0.5625245571136475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directional-antenna","display_name":"Directional antenna","score":0.48668748140335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-printing","display_name":"3D printing","score":0.48076125979423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fused-filament-fabrication","display_name":"Fused filament fabrication","score":0.4749037027359009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuse","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","score":0.4613305330276489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conformal-antenna","display_name":"Conformal antenna","score":0.42934292554855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4257696270942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microstrip-antenna","display_name":"Microstrip antenna","score":0.414916455745697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4134329855442047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40622878074645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.364716112613678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slot-antenna","display_name":"Slot antenna","score":0.3625825047492981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2840189039707184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.225631982088089}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.6128415465354919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.5940055847167969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.5625245571136475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64671776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769152","display_name":"Directional antenna","level":3,"score":0.48668748140335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524769229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367","display_name":"3D printing","level":2,"score":0.48076125979423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777510241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18349149","display_name":"Fused filament fabrication","level":3,"score":0.4749037027359009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141353440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182221","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","level":2,"score":0.4613305330276489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182697305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160244","display_name":"Conformal antenna","level":5,"score":0.42934292554855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4257696270942688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170349913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13402882","display_name":"Microstrip antenna","level":3,"score":0.414916455745697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4134329855442047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40622878074645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.364716112613678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109026120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2369099","display_name":"Slot antenna","level":4,"score":0.3625825047492981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2840189039707184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.225631982088089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc54779.2022.9978007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc54779.2022.9978007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605306","display_name":"2022 IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kar.kent.ac.uk:99353","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://kar.kent.ac.uk/99353/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196264","display_name":"Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","host_organization_name":"University of Kent","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or workshop item"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1288552832","display_name":"Low-Profile Ultra-Wideband Wide-Scanning Multi-Function Beam-Steerable Array Antennas","funder_award_id":"EP/S005625/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7042950577","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/S005625/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G741118003","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IEC\\NSFC\\191780","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","display_name":"Royal Society","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrjx87"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007829639","https://openalex.org/W2092334517","https://openalex.org/W2285554365","https://openalex.org/W2890056948","https://openalex.org/W2912640124","https://openalex.org/W2913191498","https://openalex.org/W2928272103","https://openalex.org/W3001666364","https://openalex.org/W3006669937","https://openalex.org/W3014383462","https://openalex.org/W3151477143","https://openalex.org/W3171433148","https://openalex.org/W3211531418","https://openalex.org/W4211071292"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2532616386","https://openalex.org/W2073728637","https://openalex.org/W4248301565","https://openalex.org/W1657821752","https://openalex.org/W1605649239","https://openalex.org/W2545791066","https://openalex.org/W2082261602","https://openalex.org/W4210915221","https://openalex.org/W2136775904","https://openalex.org/W2548271914"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,31,58,81,105,122],"use":[1],"of":[2,11,41,142,154,163],"inexpensive":[3],"open-source":[4,156],"3D":[5,66,99,157],"printing":[6,158],"technologies":[7],"for":[8,13,46,54,139,160,165],"the":[9,47,55,73,120,140,143,152,161,166],"development":[10,162],"antennas":[12,20,129,164],"future":[14,171],"communication":[15,179],"systems":[16,180],"is":[17,33,61,83,98,112,124],"proposed.":[18],"Two":[19],"have":[21],"been":[22],"designed":[23],"and":[24,50,70,111,170],"then":[25],"fabricated":[26],"using":[27,38,101],"additive":[28],"manufacturing":[29],"techniques.":[30],"first":[32],"a":[34,39,93],"patch":[35,59],"antenna":[36,60,89],"developed":[37],"combination":[40],"fuse":[42,102],"filament":[43,103],"fabrication":[44],"(FFF)":[45],"supporting":[48],"substrate":[49,96],"direct":[51],"write":[52],"to":[53,78,118,125],"metal":[56],"layers.":[57],"integrated":[62],"into":[63],"an":[64,84,115],"also":[65],"printed":[67,100],"wearable":[68],"ring":[69],"operates":[71,107],"at":[72,108,130],"28":[74],"GHz":[75,110],"band":[76],"allocated":[77],"5G":[79],"systems.":[80],"second":[82],"aperture":[85],"coupled":[86],"dielectric":[87,95],"resonator":[88],"(DRA).":[90],"It":[91,150],"employs":[92],"high-performance":[94],"which":[97],"fabrication.":[104],"DRA":[106,128],"13.2":[109],"used":[113,138],"as":[114],"initial":[116],"test":[117],"assess":[119],"technology.":[121],"aim":[123],"further":[126],"develop":[127],"millimeter":[131,172],"wave":[132,173],"frequencies.":[133],"CST":[134],"Microwave":[135],"studio":[136],"was":[137],"design":[141],"antennas.":[144],"Measurements":[145],"compare":[146],"well":[147],"with":[148],"simulations":[149],"illustrates":[151],"potential":[153],"low-cost":[155],"techniques":[159],"fifth":[167],"generation":[168,176],"(5G)":[169],"(mmW)":[174],"sixth":[175],"(6G)":[177],"wireless":[178],"applications.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}