{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312958074","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc54779.2022.9977701","title":"Self-Attention DDPG for Multi-Beam Combining in mmWave MIMO Systems","display_name":"Self-Attention DDPG for Multi-Beam Combining in mmWave MIMO Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312958074","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc54779.2022.9977701"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc54779.2022.9977701","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc54779.2022.9977701","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605306","display_name":"2022 IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112853457","display_name":"Yingzhi Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yingzhi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University,Hangzhou,China","College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University,Hangzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100751311","display_name":"Zhaoyang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2346-6228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoyang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Info. Proc., Commun. &#x0026; Netw. (IPCAN),Hangzhou,China","College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Info. Proc., Commun. &#x0026; Netw. (IPCAN),Hangzhou,China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066878475","display_name":"Zhaohui Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-589X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaohui Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University,Hangzhou,China","College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University,Hangzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103056524","display_name":"Qianqian Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0421-2954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianqian Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University,Hangzhou,China","College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University,Hangzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112853457"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3219,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47859833,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"843","last_page":"848"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7775930762290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.7253251671791077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7209998369216919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6780584454536438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6551748514175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.55575031042099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4794127643108368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.4554474353790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4522098898887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.4175128936767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rate-of-convergence","display_name":"Rate of convergence","score":0.4166318476200104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.41550323367118835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.2687155604362488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20206037163734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18491911888122559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18042191863059998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12509846687316895}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7775930762290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.7253251671791077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7209998369216919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6780584454536438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6551748514175415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.55575031042099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4794127643108368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.4554474353790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4522098898887634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.4175128936767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57869625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783502","display_name":"Rate of convergence","level":3,"score":0.4166318476200104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.41550323367118835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2687155604362488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20206037163734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18491911888122559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18042191863059998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12509846687316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc54779.2022.9977701","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc54779.2022.9977701","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605306","display_name":"2022 IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41554520","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2093589053","https://openalex.org/W2547875792","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W3154888594","https://openalex.org/W3212407382","https://openalex.org/W4285032469","https://openalex.org/W4288574671","https://openalex.org/W4299802797","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6739901393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W4391331176","https://openalex.org/W2586732548","https://openalex.org/W3049728571"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,53],"this":[1,42],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"aim":[4],"at":[5],"an":[6],"efficient":[7],"multi-beam":[8,48],"combining":[9,49,75],"design":[10],"with":[11,33],"only":[12],"requiring":[13],"receive":[14],"power":[15,38],"measurements":[16],"for":[17],"a":[18,44,55],"millimeter-wave":[19],"(mmWave)":[20],"multi-input":[21],"multi-output":[22],"(MIMO)":[23],"communication":[24],"system.":[25],"A":[26],"spectrum":[27],"efficiency":[28],"maximization":[29],"problem":[30],"is":[31,51,63,86],"formulated":[32],"both":[34],"beam":[35,70],"selection":[36],"and":[37,72,97,117],"constraints.":[39],"To":[40],"solve":[41],"problem,":[43],"reinforcement":[45],"learning":[46,108],"(RL)-based":[47],"algorithm":[50],"proposed.":[52],"particular,":[54],"self-attention":[56],"deep":[57],"deterministic":[58],"policy":[59],"gradient":[60],"(DDPG)":[61],"scheme":[62],"used":[64],"to":[65,91],"adaptively":[66],"learn":[67],"the":[68,73,84,89,94,103,106],"serving":[69],"sets":[71],"corresponding":[74],"weights":[76],"without":[77],"any":[78],"channel":[79],"state":[80],"information":[81],"(CSI).":[82],"Moreover,":[83],"transformer":[85],"integrated":[87],"into":[88],"DDPG":[90],"precisely":[92],"capture":[93],"signal":[95],"directions":[96],"relevant":[98],"strengths.":[99],"Experimental":[100],"results":[101],"show":[102],"effectiveness":[104],"of":[105,112],"proposed":[107],"structure":[109],"in":[110],"terms":[111],"system":[113],"achievable":[114],"rate,":[115],"convergence,":[116],"network":[118],"robustness.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
