{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312802401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc54779.2022.9977479","title":"Coverage and Rate of Low Density ABS Assisted Vertical Heterogeneous Network","display_name":"Coverage and Rate of Low Density ABS Assisted Vertical Heterogeneous Network","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312802401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc54779.2022.9977479"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc54779.2022.9977479","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc54779.2022.9977479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605306","display_name":"2022 IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040684230","display_name":"Sheila Mugala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6714-387X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72227227","display_name":"Makerere University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dmz0111","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheila Mugala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Makerere University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Kampala,Uganda","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Makerere University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Kampala,Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082743781","display_name":"Jonathan Serugunda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3952-2546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72227227","display_name":"Makerere University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dmz0111","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Serugunda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Makerere University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Kampala,Uganda","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Makerere University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Kampala,Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100425578","display_name":"Li Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4535-3200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds,Leeds,U.K","School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds,Leeds,U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060110658","display_name":"Dorothy Okello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5901-996X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72227227","display_name":"Makerere University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dmz0111","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dorothy Okello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Makerere University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Kampala,Uganda","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Makerere University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Kampala,Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032187032","display_name":"Jihai Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6093-3011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jihai Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds,Leeds,U.K","School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds,Leeds,U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2032,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89119492,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"945","last_page":"950"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.7515215277671814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6820052266120911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coverage-probability","display_name":"Coverage probability","score":0.6324102878570557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.6173948049545288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5399823784828186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-telephony","display_name":"Mobile telephony","score":0.4620048701763153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.45105990767478943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.41272038221359253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.41027671098709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3938940167427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-radio","display_name":"Mobile radio","score":0.19406914710998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10069787502288818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07370451092720032}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.7515215277671814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6820052266120911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776292839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179217","display_name":"Coverage probability","level":3,"score":0.6324102878570557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.6173948049545288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5399823784828186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.4620048701763153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.45105990767478943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.41272038221359253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.41027671098709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3938940167427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781307350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887221","display_name":"Mobile radio","level":2,"score":0.19406914710998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10069787502288818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07370451092720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc54779.2022.9977479","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc54779.2022.9977479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605306","display_name":"2022 IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:189864","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Proceedings Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988456768","https://openalex.org/W2761757106","https://openalex.org/W2803781637","https://openalex.org/W2902997214","https://openalex.org/W2962707045","https://openalex.org/W2962829315","https://openalex.org/W2964281303","https://openalex.org/W2982190673","https://openalex.org/W3010475688","https://openalex.org/W3034653302","https://openalex.org/W3034919720","https://openalex.org/W3084804216","https://openalex.org/W3172295487","https://openalex.org/W3210325439","https://openalex.org/W6746126590"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3033750547","https://openalex.org/W2029216794","https://openalex.org/W1964137838","https://openalex.org/W2047225036","https://openalex.org/W2138314731","https://openalex.org/W1985655499","https://openalex.org/W2093207996","https://openalex.org/W4386698331","https://openalex.org/W2020749775","https://openalex.org/W2142989636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"vertical":[1],"heterogeneous":[2,97],"network":[3,28,98],"(VHetNet)":[4],"is":[5,133],"an":[6,84,134],"integration":[7],"of":[8,26,76,95,113,162],"aerial":[9],"base":[10,104],"stations":[11],"(ABS)":[12],"into":[13],"the":[14,23,27,59,73,89,142,169],"terrestrial":[15],"cellular":[16],"networks.":[17],"ABSs":[18,114],"are":[19,31,34,62,68],"anticipated":[20],"to":[21,36,70,116],"enhance":[22],"communications":[24,74],"performance":[25,75],"because":[29],"they":[30],"mobile":[32],"and":[33,58,65,92,102,120,138],"quick":[35],"deploy":[37],"suitable":[38],"for":[39,48,87],"on":[40],"demand":[41],"coverage.":[42],"They":[43],"promise":[44],"a":[45,77,96,108,146],"low-cost":[46],"solution":[47],"ubiquitous":[49],"connectivity":[50],"especially":[51],"in":[52],"developing":[53],"countries":[54,119],"where":[55],"telecommunications":[56],"infrastructure":[57],"power":[60],"grid":[61],"limited.":[63],"Accurate":[64],"tractable":[66],"frame-works":[67],"required":[69],"adequately":[71],"quantify":[72],"VHetNet.":[78],"In":[79],"this":[80],"paper":[81],"we":[82],"develop":[83],"analytical":[85],"framework":[86],"determining":[88],"coverage":[90,143],"probability":[91,144],"average":[93,153],"rate":[94,154],"with":[99,110,122,156,173],"aerial,":[100],"macro":[101],"small":[103],"stations.":[105],"We":[106],"considered":[107],"scenario":[109],"low":[111,159],"density":[112,139,157,171],"suited":[115],"financially":[117],"constrained":[118],"those":[121],"security":[123],"concerns":[124],"over":[125],"flying":[126],"machines.":[127],"The":[128,152],"results":[129],"show":[130],"that":[131,140],"there":[132],"optimum":[135,170],"ABS":[136],"altitude":[137],"maximize":[141],"at":[145,158,166],"specific":[147],"signal-to-interference":[148],"ratio":[149],"(SIR)":[150],"threshold.":[151],"increases":[155],"SIR":[160],"threshold":[161],"-10":[163],"dB":[164,168],"while":[165],"0":[167],"decreases":[172],"altitude.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}