{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2990424085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2019.8904290","title":"Reinforcement Learning Based Dynamic Energy-Saving Algorithm for Three-tier Heterogeneous Networks","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning Based Dynamic Energy-Saving Algorithm for Three-tier Heterogeneous Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2990424085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2019.8904290","mag":"2990424085"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc.2019.8904290","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2019.8904290","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 30th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019792366","display_name":"Hao Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0514-5765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086282554","display_name":"Tiejun Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4127-2419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiejun Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100601221","display_name":"Xuewei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9098-6461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuewei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112926062","display_name":"Ziyu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3542-6832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service, Ministry of Education Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11409","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Network Optimization","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8346607685089111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8154309391975403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-network","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","score":0.758195698261261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.6056036353111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.5814569592475891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5620177984237671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.527534008026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.48477405309677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.47439125180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.427997350692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.33305758237838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.27829453349113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.24633127450942993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1033654510974884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0868251621723175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8346607685089111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8154309391975403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.758195698261261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.6056036353111267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.5814569592475891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5620177984237671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.527534008026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.48477405309677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.47439125180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.427997350692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33305758237838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.27829453349113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.24633127450942993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1033654510974884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0868251621723175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc.2019.8904290","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2019.8904290","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 30th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1787677237","https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2077793016","https://openalex.org/W2119942913","https://openalex.org/W2226672079","https://openalex.org/W2520246776","https://openalex.org/W2601678177","https://openalex.org/W2810577248","https://openalex.org/W2964043796","https://openalex.org/W2982312840","https://openalex.org/W3037207827","https://openalex.org/W3104869988","https://openalex.org/W6692846177","https://openalex.org/W6780559895"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2116677773","https://openalex.org/W2155261584","https://openalex.org/W2584231425","https://openalex.org/W2150611273","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W4207086172","https://openalex.org/W2042919702","https://openalex.org/W4225981436","https://openalex.org/W2268092139","https://openalex.org/W2963527963"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,54],"cope":[1],"with":[2,51],"the":[3,28,36,56,61,87,97,106,111,121,130,136,152],"rapidly":[4],"growing":[5],"demand":[6],"for":[7],"data":[8],"traffic,":[9],"heterogeneous":[10],"network":[11,25],"(HetNet),":[12],"including":[13],"different":[14,29],"types":[15],"of":[16,31,35,38,64,100,110,129,135],"base":[17,75],"stations":[18],"(BSs),":[19],"is":[20,84],"advocated":[21],"as":[22],"a":[23,47,68],"promising":[24],"architecture.":[26],"Considering":[27],"quality":[30],"service":[32],"(QoS)":[33],"requirements":[34,149],"Internet":[37],"things":[39],"(IoT)":[40],"users":[41],"and":[42,93,145],"ordinary":[43],"users,":[44],"we":[45,66],"propose":[46,67],"three-tier":[48],"HetNet":[49],"model":[50],"non-equal":[52],"bandwidth.":[53],"reduce":[55],"power":[57,109,137],"consumption":[58,138],"caused":[59],"by":[60],"dense":[62],"deployment":[63],"BSs,":[65],"novel":[69],"reinforcement-learning":[70],"(RL)":[71],"based":[72,85],"dynamic":[73],"pico-cell":[74],"station":[76],"(PBS)":[77],"operation":[78],"scheme.":[79],"The":[80],"proposed":[81,122],"RL":[82],"scheme":[83],"on":[86],"asynchronous":[88],"advantage":[89],"actor-critic":[90],"(A3C)":[91],"algorithm,":[92],"can":[94,124],"dynamically":[95],"determine":[96],"on/off":[98],"state":[99],"each":[101],"PBS,":[102],"aiming":[103],"to":[104,151],"achieve":[105,125],"minimal":[107],"total":[108],"macro-cell":[112],"without":[113],"any":[114],"prior":[115],"information.":[116],"Simulation":[117],"results":[118],"show":[119],"that":[120],"algorithm":[123],"92.1%":[126],"performance":[127],"gain":[128],"optimal":[131],"level":[132],"in":[133],"terms":[134],"saving":[139],"while":[140],"needs":[141],"less":[142],"training":[143],"time":[144],"lower":[146],"running":[147],"resource":[148],"compared":[150],"benchmarks.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}