{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2186784691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2015.7343675","title":"Simulation study on millimeter wave 3D beamforming systems in urban outdoor multi-cell scenarios using 3D ray tracing","display_name":"Simulation study on millimeter wave 3D beamforming systems in urban outdoor multi-cell scenarios using 3D ray tracing","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2186784691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2015.7343675","mag":"2186784691"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc.2015.7343675","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2015.7343675","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE 26th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078702663","display_name":"Miaomiao Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1784-8756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Miaomiao Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015154565","display_name":"Wai-Ming Chan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wai-Ming Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101925384","display_name":"Taejoon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4017-9530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taejoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100786547","display_name":"Kunpeng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6053-5977"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kunpeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Technologies, Co. Ltd, Chengdu, P.R.C"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies, Co. Ltd, Chengdu, P.R.C","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100340330","display_name":"Huang Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2349-7393"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Technologies, Co. Ltd, Chengdu, P.R.C"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies, Co. Ltd, Chengdu, P.R.C","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102006793","display_name":"Guangjian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1048-1226"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangjian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Technologies, Co. Ltd, Chengdu, P.R.C"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies, Co. Ltd, Chengdu, P.R.C","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078702663"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.381,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83758165,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2265","last_page":"2270"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8019570112228394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray-tracing","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","score":0.7492115497589111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6495434045791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.6381962299346924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.6235297918319702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.6172494888305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.6069952249526978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-equipment","display_name":"User equipment","score":0.5257954001426697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.47435319423675537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.4719093441963196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.4661005735397339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.4640687108039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.45652973651885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.38586610555648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3637971878051758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.23261097073554993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22815650701522827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.22630155086517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20023980736732483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1722625195980072}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8019570112228394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121483023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298343","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.7492115497589111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6495434045791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.6381962299346924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.6235297918319702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.6172494888305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.6069952249526978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.5257954001426697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.47435319423675537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.4719093441963196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.4661005735397339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.4640687108039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.45652973651885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38586610555648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3637971878051758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.23261097073554993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22815650701522827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22630155086517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20023980736732483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1722625195980072}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc.2015.7343675","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2015.7343675","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE 26th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963917504","https://openalex.org/W1978308495","https://openalex.org/W1991056455","https://openalex.org/W2001179949","https://openalex.org/W2014333773","https://openalex.org/W2034651337","https://openalex.org/W2111953900","https://openalex.org/W2135517533","https://openalex.org/W2166486216","https://openalex.org/W2169666903","https://openalex.org/W3152468414"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172272784","https://openalex.org/W2003817535","https://openalex.org/W3162362331","https://openalex.org/W2904317194","https://openalex.org/W3143859274","https://openalex.org/W2913789404","https://openalex.org/W2885196243","https://openalex.org/W4386214573","https://openalex.org/W2527954625","https://openalex.org/W2886037301"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Urban":[0],"outdoor":[1,41],"millimeter":[2,20],"wave":[3,21],"communication":[4],"systems":[5],"will":[6],"comprise":[7],"of":[8,214],"dense":[9],"cell":[10],"deployment":[11,153],"and":[12,35,48,58,70,119,125,138,163,204],"large-sized":[13],"array":[14,63],"antennas.":[15],"In":[16],"this":[17],"paper,":[18],"a":[19],"downlink":[22],"system-level":[23],"simulator":[24,101],"operating":[25],"at":[26,67],"73":[27],"GHz,":[28],"which":[29],"emulates":[30],"multiple":[31],"base":[32],"stations":[33],"(BSs)":[34],"user":[36],"equipments":[37],"(UEs)":[38],"in":[39,84,99,110],"an":[40],"street":[42],"geometry,":[43],"is":[44,97,143,188,193],"developed.":[45],"Each":[46],"BS":[47,71,152,172],"UE":[49,69,124],"are":[50,65],"surrounded":[51],"by":[52,179],"moving":[53,56,198],"obstacles":[54,199],"(e.g.,":[55],"cars":[57],"walking":[59],"pedestrians).":[60],"Two-dimensional":[61],"(2D)":[62],"antennas":[64],"employed":[66],"both":[68,201],"to":[72,78,92,168,184,208],"form":[73],"the":[74,80,85,93,100,103,115,146,155,160,169,175,180,185,202,209,215],"3-dimensional":[75],"(3D)":[76],"beams":[77],"combat":[79],"severe":[81],"pathloss":[82],"found":[83],"spectrum.":[86],"The":[87,106,127],"3D":[88,94,107,157],"ray":[89,108],"tracer":[90],"customized":[91],"beam":[95,116],"patterns":[96],"implemented":[98],"using":[102],"OpenGL":[104],"platform.":[105],"tracer,":[109],"our":[111],"simulator,":[112],"carries":[113],"out":[114],"alignment":[117],"task":[118],"produces":[120],"physical":[121,128],"channels":[122],"between":[123],"BS.":[126],"channel":[129],"representation":[130],"characterizes":[131],"useful":[132],"link":[133,136,161,217],"statistics,":[134],"e.g.,":[135],"blockage":[137],"co-channel":[139,181],"interference":[140,182],"statistics.":[141],"It":[142],"shown":[144],"through":[145],"simulation":[147],"study":[148],"that":[149,195],"high":[150,196],"density":[151,171,197,211],"with":[154],"directional":[156],"beamforming":[158],"enhances":[159],"quality":[162],"decreases":[164],"outage":[165,205],"probability":[166],"compared":[167,183,207],"lower":[170],"deployment.":[173],"However,":[174],"performance":[176],"degradation":[177],"caused":[178],"zero-interference":[186],"case":[187,212],"still":[189],"significant.":[190],"Furthermore,":[191],"it":[192],"observed":[194],"deteriorate":[200],"throughput":[203],"performances":[206],"low":[210],"because":[213],"increased":[216],"blockage.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
